Table 2.
Anthropometry, NAFLD risk groups, and liver function test according to nut intake categories
| Total | Nut Intake Categories | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-consumers (0 g/d) |
Low (0.1 – 15.0 g/d) |
Moderate (15.1 – 30.0 g/d) |
Met recommendation (>30 g/d) |
|||
| Nut intake | ||||||
| n (%) | 1848 (100%) | 814 (44.0%) | 669 (36.2%) | 182 (9.8%) | 183 (9.9%) | - |
| Median nut intake (g/d) a | 7.6 (2.4, 21.4) | 0 w | 3.4 (0.9, 7.5) x | 19.9 (16.7, 23.6) y | 44.9 (35.7, 67.3) z | <0.001 i |
| Anthropometry | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 80.2 (19.3) | 80.9 (19.1) | 79.2 (19.5) | 77.9 (19.1) | 82.3 (19.2) | 0.056 i |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 (6.2) | 29.7 (6.3) w | 29.0 (6.3) w | 28.5 (6.1) w | 28.9 (5.9) w | 0.026 i |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 103 (14.6) | 104 (14.3) w | 102 (14.7) w, x | 100 (15.1) x | 103 (15.1) w, x | 0.015 i |
| NAFLD groups | ||||||
| FLI<30, n (%) | 726 (39.3) | 289 (35.5) | 278 (41.6) | 88 (48.4) | 71 (38.8) | 0.023 j |
| 30<FLI<60, n (%) | 483 (26.1) | 220 (27.0) | 167 (25.0) | 41 (22.5) | 55 (30.1) | |
| FLI>60, n (%) | 639 (34.6) | 305 (37.5) | 224 (33.5) | 53 (29.1) | 57 (31.1) | |
| Liver function test | ||||||
| ALT (U/L) b | 19.0 (16.0, 25.0) | 19.0 (16.0, 24.0) w | 19.0 (16.0, 24.0) w | 19.0 (15.8, 25.0) w | 22.0 (18.0, 27.0) x | 0.001 i |
| AST (U/L) c | 23.0 (20.0, 27.0) | 23.0 (20.0, 27.0) w | 23.0 (20.0, 27.0) w | 22.5 (20.0, 26.0) w | 24.0 (21.0, 28.0) w | 0.023 i |
| GGT (U/L) d | 19.0 (14.0, 27.0) | 19.0 (14.0, 27.0) w | 18.0 (14.0, 26.0) w, x | 16.0 (13.8, 25.0) x | 19.0 (15.0, 27.0) w, x | 0.043 i |
| Total protein (g/dL) e | 7.03 (0.48) | 7.09 (0.49) w | 7.00 (0.47) x | 6.98 (0.47) x | 6.97 (0.49) x | <0.001 i |
| Albumin (g/dL) f | 4.20 (0.29) | 4.18 (0.30) w | 4.19 (0.29) w | 4.23 (0.29) w, x | 4.27 (0.27) x | <0.001 i |
| Globulin (g/dL) g | 2.83 (0.47) | 2.91 (0.46) w | 2.80 (0.47) x | 2.75 (0.44) x, y | 2.70 (0.47) y | <0.001 i |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) h | 0.676 (0.269) | 0.672 (0.268) | 0.668 (0.259) | 0.701 (0.300) | 0.696 (0.277) | 0.341 i |
All values are mean with standard deviations (SD) or number (proportions, %) unless stated. Post-hoc comparisons were performed if overall statistical significance was achieved; values with different superscript letters were significantly different
aMedian with first and third quartile nut intake of the total population excludes individuals who were non-consumers
bALT – alanine aminotransferase, normal range 7-55 U/L, median with first and third quartile
cAST – aspartate aminotransferase, normal range 8-48 U/L, median with first and third quartile
dGGT – gamma glutamyltransferase, normal range 8-61 U/L, median with first and third quartile
eTotal protein, normal range 6.3-7.9 g/dL
fAlbumin, normal range 3.5-5.0 g/dL
gGlobulin, normal range 2.0-3.5 g/dL
hTotal bilirubin, normal value <1.2 mg/dL
iAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests
jCrosstab analysis, chi-square test