Table 4.
Nutrient intake† and diet quality of older adults according to nut intake categories
| Total | Nut Intake Categories | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-consumers (0 g/d) |
Low (0.1 – 15.0 g/d) |
Moderate (15.1 – 30.0 g/d) |
Met Recommendation (>30 g/d) |
P ‡ | ||
| n (%) | 1848 | 814 (44.0) | 669 (36.2) | 182 (9.8) | 183 (9.9) | - |
| Energy (Kcal) | 1813 (674) | 1633 (636) w | 1862 (635) x | 1932 (652) x | 2314 (697) y | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate | ||||||
| g/day | 225 (86.7) | 204 (82.6) w | 236 (83.6) x | 237 (85.4) x | 266 (93.2) y | <0.001 |
| %E | 50.1 (8.6) | 50.4 (9.3) w, x | 51.1 (7.9) w | 49.2 (7.7) x | 45.7 (7.6) y | <0.001 |
| Protein | ||||||
| g/day | 72.8 (29.2) | 67.4 (28.6) w | 73.4 (28.2) x | 76.3 (27.7) x | 91.3 (28.5) y | <0.001 |
| %E | 16.4 (4.1) | 16.9 (4.4) w, z | 16.0 (3.9) x | 16.0 (3.5) x, y | 16.1 (3.6) x, z | <0.001 |
| Total fat | ||||||
| g/day | 70.5 (33.6) | 61.7 (31.3) w | 70.9 (30.5) x | 77.0 (31.6) x | 102 (36.2) y | <0.001 |
| %E | 34.3 (7.4) | 33.3 (7.7) w | 33.7 (6.7) w | 35.7 (6.9) x | 39.5 (6.1) y | <0.001 |
| PUFA (g/day) | 16.9 (9.1) | 14.4 (8.3) w | 17.1 (8.5) x | 18.5 (7.7) x | 25.3 (10.0) y | <0.001 |
| MUFA (g/day) | 25.2 (13.0) | 21.4 (11.5) w | 24.8 (11.4) x | 28.2 (11.4) y | 40.5 (15.5) z | <0.001 |
| SFA | ||||||
| g/day | 22.3 (11.8) | 20.3 (11.4) w | 22.9 (11.3) x | 23.7 (12.5) x | 28.0 (12.7) y | <0.001 |
| %E | 10.8 (3.2) | 10.9 (3.4) | 10.8 (3.0) | 10.8 (3.2) | 10.7 (2.9) | 0.904 |
| Fibre (g/day) | 17.4 (9.2) | 15.0 (8.7) w | 17.7 (7.9) x | 19.2 (9.0) x | 25.5 (11.2) y | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 10.9 (6.3, 16.8) | 10.6 (5.6, 16.8) w | 9.73 (6.4,16.2) w | 12.8 (7.0,19.3) x | 13.0 (7.0, 19.0) x | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 231 (143, 346) | 226 (141, 340) | 236 (146, 353) | 215 (138, 341) | 241 (153, 350) | 0.523 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 3073 (1210) | 2905 (1250) w | 3168 (1174) x | 3134 (1153) w, x | 3413 (1098) x | <0.001 |
| HEI-2015 | 54.5 (12.3) | 51.1 (11.5) w | 54.9 (11.6) x | 58.9 (12.1) y | 64.1 (12.1) z | <0.001 |
† Values are mean (standard deviation) for all nutrients, except for alcohol and cholesterol that are reported as median (1st quartile, 3rd quartile). Abbreviations: %E – percent of total energy intake, PUFA – polyunsaturated fat, MUFA – monounsaturated fat, SFA – saturated fat, HEI-2015 – Healthy Eating Index 2015 scores
‡ Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests. Post-hoc comparisons were performed if overall statistical significance was achieved; values with different superscript letters were significantly different