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The ‘ponderomotive’ forces f p, whose magnitudes are formally equivalent [equation (12)] to those of the Lorentz forces caused by the wave magnetic field B w and by v T, the transverse velocity of the wiggler-induced electron undulations. Such forces push some electrons (for example 2, 4, 6) in the forward longitudinal direction and others (1, 3, 5) backwards. But in both cases they accumulate in periodic microbunches, with periodicity equal to the wavelength.
