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An ‘undulator’, a series of magnets of period P in the longitudinal direction, which forces the electrons to oscillate in a transverse direction (Margaritondo, 1988 ▸, 2002 ▸; Winick, 1995 ▸; Willmott, 2011 ▸; Mobilio et al., 2015 ▸; Bordovitsyn, 1999 ▸). Our relativistic description of the consequent undulator emission uses the reference frames R (laboratory and undulator) and R′ (electron).
