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The main components of an X-FEL: (a) linear accelerator (LINAC) that produces relativistic electrons, and a long wiggler. (b) As a bunch of electrons travels along the wiggler, the interaction with the previously emitted waves progressively creates periodic electron ‘slices’ (‘microbunches’) with a period equal to the wavelength. The waves emitted by microbunched electrons (d), unlike those without microbunching (c), are correlated and cause optical amplification.
