Table 1.
Characteristics and quality of included studies.
| Study | Study site | Sample size | % of females | Age (years) | Survey method | Sampling method | Infected medical staff | % of severe and critical patients | Assessment time-point | The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Quality score | ||||||||||
| COVID-19 patients during the acute stage | |||||||||||||||||||
| Hu et al.30 | A shelter hospital in Wuhan, China | 356 | 47.2 | Mean: 44.4 | O | C | N | 0.0 | Hospitalization | U | N | Y | N | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 5 |
| Hui et al.20 | A designated hospital in Nanyang, China | 72 | 45.8 | Mean: 57.6 | O | C | N | 6.9 | Hospitalization | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 5 |
| Liu and Yu31 | A designated hospital in Wuhan, China | 97 | NR | Mean: 57.6 | PP | C | N | No critical | Hospitalization | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 5 |
| Mei et al.32 | A designated hospital in Wuhan, China | 70 | 78.6 | Mean: 36.2 | O | C | Y | 11.4 | Hospitalization | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 4 |
| Qian et al.22 | A designated hospital in Kunming, China | 16 | 43.8 | NR | O | C | N | 22.2 | Hospitalization | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 5 |
| Qin et al.33 | A designated hospital in Changsha, China | 112 | 56.3 | Median: 40 | O | C | N | 10.7 | Hospitalization | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 5 |
| Wang et al.34 | A designated hospital in Wuhan, China | 652 | 46.9 | Mean: 51.5 | O | C | N | No critical | Hospitalization | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 6 |
| Wang et al.23 | A designated hospital in Xi’an, China | 40 | 45.0 | Mean: 46.0 | O | C | N | 100.0 | Hospitalization | N | N | N | Y | U | Y | U | Y | U | 3 |
| Xi35 | A designated hospital in Wuhan, China | 20 | 60.0 | Mean: 45.0 | O | C | N | NR | Hospitalization | N | N | N | Y | U | Y | U | Y | U | 3 |
| Xing et al.21 | A designated hospital in Ningbo, China | 42 | 64.3 | Mean: 46.6 | PP | C | N | 31.0 | Hospitalization | U | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 5 |
| Yang et al.36 | A shelter hospital in Wuhan, China | 198 | 56.6 | Mean: 37.7 | O + PP | C | N | 0.0 | Hospitalization | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | U | 5 |
| COVID-19 survivors during the very early recovery stage | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gong et al.37 | Wuhan, China | 14 | 85.7 | Mean: 33.0 | O | C | Y | NA | 15 days after discharge | N | N | N | N | U | Y | U | Y | U | 2 |
| Qian et al.22 | Kunming, China | 16 | 43.8 | NR | O | C | N | NA | A week after discharge | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 5 |
| SARS patients during the acute stage | |||||||||||||||||||
| Peng et al.38 | A designated hospital in Taiyuan, China | 117 | 53.8 | Mean: 36.5 | PP | C | N | NR | Admission | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 6 |
| Sun and Ren39 | A designated hospital in Beijing, China | 35 | 88.6 | Mean: 30.2 | PP | C | Y | NR | Hospitalization | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 4 |
| Wang et al.40 | A designated hospital in Beijing, China | 669 | 45.0 | Mean: 35.0 | PP | CL | N | 6.9 | Admission | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 7 |
| Wang et al.41 | A designated hospital in Beijing, China | 40 | NR | NR | PP | R | N | NR | Hospitalization | U | Y | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 4 |
| Wang et al.42 | A designated hospital in Beijing, China | 29 | 48.3 | Mean: 37.5 | PP | C | N | NR | Admission | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 4 |
| Xiao et al.43 | A designated hospital in Beijing, China | 31 | 45.2 | Mean: 32.0 | PP | C | N | NR | Hospitalization | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 5 |
| Yang44 | A designated hospital in Taiyuan, China | 43 | 41.9 | Mean: 34.5 | PP | C | N | NR | Admission | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | N | 4 |
| SARS survivors during the very early stage of recovery | |||||||||||||||||||
| Hu et al.45 | Beijing, China | 35 | 42.9 | Mean: 32.0 | PP | C | N | NA | At discharge | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 5 |
| Peng et al.38 | Taiyuan, China | 117 | 53.8 | Mean: 36.5 | PP | C | N | NA | At discharge | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 6 |
| Liu et al.46 | Tianjing, China | 48 | 70.8 | NR | PP | C | N | NA | At discharge | N | N | N | U | Y | Y | U | Y | N | 3 |
| Wang et al.40 | Beijing, China | 177 | NR | NR | PP | C | N | NA | At discharge | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 6 |
| Wang et al.47 | Beijing, China | 103 | 59.2 | ≤40:79.6% | PP | C | N | NA | At discharge | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 7 |
| Wang et al.42 | Beijing, China | 29 | 48.3 | Mean: 37.5 | PP | C | N | NA | At discharge | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 4 |
| Yang44 | Taiyuan, China | 43 | 41.9 | Mean: 34.5 | PP | C | N | NA | At discharge | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | N | 4 |
| SARS survivors during the early stage of recovery | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gao et al.48 | Tianjin, China | 67 | 68.7 | Mean: 25.3 | PP | C | N | NA | 6 months after discharge | Y | N | N | N | U | Y | U | Y | N | 3 |
| Kuang et al.49 | Guangzhou, China | 62 | 54.8 | Median: 37 | PP | C | N | NA | 6 months after discharge | N | N | N | U | Y | Y | U | Y | U | 3 |
| Lin et al.50 | Guangzhou, China | 45 | 55.6 | Mean: 35.0 | PP | C | N | NA | 3–6 months after discharge | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | N | 4 |
| Peng et al.38 | Taiyuan, China | 117 | 53.8 | Mean: 36.5 | PP | C | N | NA | 3 months after discharge | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 6 |
| SARS survivors during the late stage of recovery | |||||||||||||||||||
| Liu et al.46 | Tianjing, China | 48 | 70.8 | NR | PP | C | N | NA | 12 months after discharge | N | N | N | U | Y | Y | U | Y | N | 3 |
Note: Q1: Was the sample representative of the target population?; Q2: Were study participants recruited in an appropriate way?; Q3: Was the sample size adequate? (The minimum sample size was 100 for the current quality assessment); Q4: Were the study subjects and setting described in detail?; Q5: Is the data analysis conducted with sufficient coverage of the identified sample?; Q6: Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?; Q7: Was the condition measured reliably?; Q8: Was there appropriate statistical analysis?; Q9: Was the response rate adequate, and if not, was the low response rate managed appropriately?
NR not reported, PP paper–pencil self-administered questionnaire, O online self-administered questionnaire, C convenience sampling, CL cluster sampling, R random sampling, NA not applicable, N not, Y Yes, U unclear.