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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Nephrol. 2020 Nov;40(6):564–573. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2020.12.003

Table 1:

Risk Factors for ammonium acid urate stones

Risk factor Country Occurrence in AAU stone formers
Inflammatory bowel disease US 18.2%71, 12%75
Japan 0%76
Laxatives US 4.5%71, 0%75
Japan 41.4%76
Taiwan 28%90
Obesity US 6.8%71
UTI US 6.8%71, 13%75
Japan 25%76
Taiwan 52%90
CKD US 11%75
Taiwan 60%90
Ileostomy/bowel resection US 28%75
Japan 10.3%76
Diabetes mellitus US 9%75
Prostate surgery US 22%75
Chronic indwelling catheter US 9%75
IBS Taiwan 36%90
Urothelium carcinoma Taiwan 12%90