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. 2021 Jan 18;64(1):17–25. doi: 10.5194/aab-64-17-2021

MiR-25-3p regulates the differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes in goat via targeting KLF4

Yu Du 1,2,3, Yue Zhao 1,2, Yong Wang 1,2, Qingyong Meng 4, Jiangjiang Zhu 1,2, Yaqiu Lin 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC8128059  PMID: 34084900

Abstract

Adipocyte differentiation, which plays an important role in fat deposition, involves a complex molecular mechanism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential in this progress. Here, we showed that miR-25-3p expression had increased during goat intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation, which peaked at day 3. Using liposome transfection and qRT-PCR techniques, we found that knocking down miR-25-3p reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets by downregulating or upregulating the expression of LPL, PPAR γ, AP2, SREBP1, and C/EBP β but upregulating the expression of KLF4. Overexpression of miR-25-3p results in the opposite. Furthermore, the dual luciferase assay showed that overexpression of miR-25-3p significantly inhibited luciferase activity of KLF4. These results showed that miR-25-3p has a binding site within the 3′-UTR of KLF4 mRNA. Together, these findings indicate that miR-25-3p is a positive regulator of intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation via targeting to KLF4 in goats.

18 January 2021

1. Introduction

Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a type of fatty tissue deposited between skeletal muscle fibers and muscle bundles, which is regulated by the number and size of preadipocytes in the muscle, and it is a key factor affecting meat tenderness, flavor, and juiciness (Jiang et al., 2019; Ren, 2019). Studies have shown that multiple signaling pathways and their target genes can regulate fat deposition via regulating the process of adipocyte formation, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation (Grieco et al., 2019; Hafner et al., 2010; Son et al., 2014).

MicroRNAs are a class of endogenous single-stranded non-coding small RNAs about 18–25 nucleotides long. Studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can participate in a variety of biology pathway and cell functions, because the seed sequence of miRNAs can combine with the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of the target gene and regulate the expression of target gene by the way of inhibiting protein translation or degrading its mRNA (Lin et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2013). Numerous studies have demonstrated the important role of miRNAs in regulating adipogenesis and lipid metabolism (Engin, 2017; Irani and Hussain, 2015; Zaiou et al., 2018; Qi et al., 2019; Lin et al., 2019; Acharya et al., 2019). For example, a study found that the expression of miR-425 may be controlled by PPAR γ during the adipogenesis process of adipocytes. Overexpression of miR-425 inhibited the proliferation of 3T3-L1 precursor adipocytes but significantly accelerated cellular adipogenic differentiation (Qi et al., 2019). Furthermore, miR-130a promotes the differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by negatively regulating the expression of Smurf2 (Lin et al., 2019)

Knockout of all miR-26-encoding loci can cause adipose tissue to swell rapidly in normally fed adult mice. However, miR-26a transgenic overexpressing mice are protected from obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Interestingly, miR-26 can restrain the differentiation and adipogenesis of adipocyte progenitor cells (APC) by targeting Fbxl19 (Acharya et al., 2019).

miR-25-3p is a member of the miR-106b∼25 cluster (Wu et al., 2019) and has been reported to be involved in proliferation (Feng et al., 2014), apoptosis (Zhang et al., 2012), and motility (Xiang et al., 2015). Furthermore, previous studies have shown that the miR-106b∼25 cluster could regulate atherosclerosis in mice. The study found that, at 36 weeks of age, the lesion size of MiR-106b∼25 and ApoE double-knockout mice was 2 times smaller than that of ApoE knockout mice (Semo et al., 2019). In addition, miR-25 can inhibit triacylglycerol synthesis and lipid accumulation in goat mammary epithelial cells by negatively regulating PGC-1beta expression levels (Ma et al., 2018). These studies suggest that miR-25-3p may play an important role in regulating lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation.

Here, we investigated the role of miR-25-3p in adipogenesis of goat intramuscular preadipocytes and explored the underlying mechanism by identifying the involved factors. Our results show that overexpression of miR-25-3p can promote the expression level of key adipogenic regulatory genes. Then we examined the regulatory relationship between miR-25-3p and its putative target gene KLF4, which was demonstrated by luciferase reporter assay.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Experimental animals

The goat intramuscular preadipocytes was obtained from the two male Jian Zhou goats (Sichuan, China) whose age was 5–7 days old. All experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Southwest Minzu University (Chengdu, Sichuan, China), and all the experiments complied with the requirements of the directory of the Ethical Treatment of Experimental Animals of China.

2.2. Cell culture and adipogenic differentiation

Detailed procedure for the collection and culture of intramuscular preadipocytes have previously been published (Xu et al., 2018). The F1 of goat intramuscular preadipocytes was cultured in DMEM/F12 (Hyclone, USA), containing 10 % (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone, USA), and put in a humidified incubator at 5 % CO2 and 37 ∘C. The F3 cells were seeded into 12-well plates, and then the goat intramuscular preadipocytes reached 80 % confluence and were adipogenically induced by DMEM/F12 containing 10 % FBS and 50 µmol L-1 oleic acid (Shang et al., 2014). The medium was changed every two days until day 6.

2.3. Cell transfection

Before transfection, miR-25-3P mimics, inhibitor and NC were put into centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 10 min, then added 250  µL RNase Free H2O to dissolve to 20 µM, stored at -20 ∘C. When the preadipocytes reached 80 % of the plates, the goat intramuscular preadipocytes were transfected with Opti-MEM (Gibco-BRL Co. LTD), negative control (NC) (GenePharma, Shanghai, China), miR-25-3P mimics, and miR-25-3P inhibitor using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 6 h, the original medium was replaced by fresh differentiation medium to induce preadipocyte differentiation, and cells were collected after 48 h for RNA extraction.

2.4. RNA extraction and qRT-PCR

Total RNA of cells was extracted using TRIzol (TaKaRa, Otsu, Japan) and stored at -80 ∘C. Reverse transcription of mRNA was performed using the Revert Aid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (TaKaRa, Otsu, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Reverse transcription reactions for miRNA were performed using Mir-X™ miRNAs First-Strand Synthesis Kit (TaKaRa, Otsu, Japan) as per the manufacturer's instructions. U6 small nucleolar RNA and ubiquitously expressed transcript (UXT) were used as an endogenous control for miRNA and mRNA, respectively. The sequences of primers used are listed in Table 1. Abundance of mRNA for each gene was measured using LineGene 9600 Plus real-time PCR detection system (Bioer, Hangzhou China). The reaction volume for real-time PCR was 20 µL and consisted of 1 µL cDNA, 1 µL reverse and forward primers (per gene), 7 µL double-distilled water, and 10 µL TB Green™ Premix Ex Taq™ II (Takara, Otsu, Japan). The sequences of primers used are listed in Table 2. Relative gene expression levels were determined by the 2-ΔΔCt method (Rao et al., 2013).

Table 1.

RNA oligonucleotides in this article.

Name Sequence (5′–3′)
miR-25-3p mimic CAUUGCACUUGUCUCGGUCUGA
 
 AGACCGAGACAAGUGCAAUGUU
Negative mimic UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT
 
 ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT
miR-25-3p inhibitor
 UCAGACCGAGACAAGUGCAAUG
Negative inhibitor CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA
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Table 2.

Primers utilized in this study.

Gene Reference in GenBank Primer sequence (5′–3′) Tm (∘C) Product size (bp)
PPARγ NM_001285658.1 F: AAGCGTCAGGGTTCCACTATG 60 197
 
  
 R: GAACCTGATGGCGTTATGAGAC
  
  
AP2 NM_001285623.1 F: TGAAGTCACTCCAGATGACAGG 58 143
 
  
 R: TGACACATTCCAGCACCAGC
  
  
LPL NM_001285607.1 F: TCCTGGAGTGACGGAATCTGT 60 174
 
  
 R: GACAGCCAGTCCACCACGAT
  
  
C/EBPβ XM_018058020.1 F: CAAGAAGACGGTGGACAAGC 66 204
 
  
 R: AACAAGTTCCGCAGGGTG
  
  
SREBP1 NM_001285755.1 F: AAGTGGTGGGCCTCTCTGA 58 127
 
  
 R: GCAGGGGTTTCTCGGACT
  
  
UXT XP_005700899.1 F: GCAAGTGGATTTGGGCTGTAAC 60 180
 
  
 R: TGGAGTCCTTGGTGAGGTTGT
  
  
U6 NR_138085.1 F: GGAACGATACAGAGAAGATTAGC 64 189
 
  
 R: TGGAACGCTTCACGAATTTGCG
  
  
KLF4 KU041754.1 F: GTCGGTCATCAGTGTTAGCAAAGG 62 126
 
  
 R: ACGGTGCACGAGGAGACAGTCT
  
  
miR-25-3p MIMAT0036100 CATTGCACTTGTCTCGGTCTGA 61 –
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Note: F – sense primer; R – antisense primer.

2.5. Oil red O staining

As described in a previous investigation with minor modifications (Xu et al., 2019), the cells were cultured at 24-well plates and visualized by oil red O staining. The differentiated adipocytes were fixed with 10 % formaldehyde for 30 min and washed twice with PBS. The fixed adipocytes were staining with oil red O working solution for 20 min. After that, the cells were washed three times with PBS and photographed under a microscope.

2.6. Luciferase reporter assay

The 3′-UTR of KLF4, containing the miR-25-3p targeted site, was cloned using primers with NheI and XbaI (Thermo, MA, USA) cleavage sites. The wild-type 3′-UTR fragment was inserted into the corresponding site of the pmirGLO dual-luciferase vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Then we co-transfected into 293T cells with miR-25-3p mimics, mimic NC, pmirGLO, and pmirGLO-KLF4. Cells were harvested after transfection 48 h, and then the dual-luciferase activity was analyzed using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

2.7. Statistical analysis

Data are expressed as the “Means ± SEM” of three replicates in each experiment and analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Inc. USA) software. A t test was performed by SPSS 18 software (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) to determine statistical differences between two groups. Comparisons between multiple groups were carried out using one-way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Expression pattern of miR-25-3p during differentiation of goat intramuscular preadipocytes

Four databases were used to predict the possible target genes of miR-25-3p: Target Scan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_71/, last access: 6 October 2020), miRCarta (https://mircarta.cs.uni-saarland.de, last access: 6 October 2020), miRTarBas (http://mirtarbase.mbc.nctu.edu.tw/index.html, last access: 6 October 2020), and microRNAseq (https://www.encodeproject.org/microrna/microrna-seq/, last access: 6 October 2020). We found 19 common target genes using Venny 2.1 online software. Then we selected KLF4 related to fat as the target gene (Fig. 1). The seed region of miR-25-3p is highly conserved among mammals (Fig. 2a). To investigate the regulation of miR-25-3p on adipocyte deposition, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression pattern of miR-25-3p from day 0 to day 5 before adipocyte differentiation. As shown in Fig. 2b, miR-25-3p expression gradually increased during day 0 to day 3, peaked on day 3, and decreased after that. These results indicated that miR-25-3p may play an important role during goat intramuscular adipocyte differentiation.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The target genes of miR-25-3p. Using Target Scan, miRCarta, miRTarBas, and microRNAseq found KLF4 as a target gene of miR-25-3p.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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The relative expression levels of miR-25-3p during differentiation of goat intramuscular preadipocytes. (a) Mature miR-25-3p seed region was highly conserved among mammals. (b) miR-25-3p expression pattern during differentiation of goat preadipocytes.

3.2. Knockdown miR-25-3p inhibits goat preadipocyte differentiation

To investigate the role of miR-25-3p in cell differentiation, goat intramuscular preadipocytes were transfected with miR-25-3p mimics or miR-25-3p inhibitor during the differentiation period. The qRT-PCR technique was used to determine the transfection efficiency of miR-25-3p after 48 h. The results showed that the expression levels of miR-25-3p were significantly increased upon miR-25-3p mimic transfection and decrease in response to miR-25-3p inhibitor transduction compared with the NC group (P<0.01; Fig. 3a). The oil red staining showed that knocking down the expression of miR-25-3p significantly decreased the formation of lipid droplets (Fig. 3b). In contrast, overexpression of miR-25-3p visibly increased lipid accumulation. These results suggested that miR-25-3p can promote goat intramuscular adipogenesis. To further investigate the potential molecular mechanism of miR-25-3p in goat intramuscular preadipocytes, we detected the expression of key adipogenic regulatory genes in adipocytes. Compared with the negative control, after knocking down miR-25-3p in goat intramuscular preadipocytes, the mRNA expression levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ), adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (AP2), sterol-regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP1), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP β) were significantly reduced. However, the expression of the target gene KLF4 was significantly increased (Fig. 4a). As expected, overexpression of miR-25-3p showed the opposite result (Fig. 4b). These results indicated that miR-25-3p may play a positive regulatory role during the differentiation of goat intramuscular preadipocytes.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Knockdown miR-25-3p decreased the formation of lipid droplets in goat preadipocyte differentiation. (a) The transfection efficiency of miR-25-3p mimics and miR-25-3p inhibitor was detected by qRT-PCR, compared with the negative control. (b) After 48 h of preadipocyte differentiation, cells were fixed and stained with Oil Red O.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Overexpression of miR-25-3p promotes goat intramuscular differentiation. (a) The mRNA expression levels of key adipogenic regulatory genes were detected after transfected miR-25-3p inhibitor in goat intramuscular preadipocytes. (b) The mRNA expression levels of key adipogenic regulatory genes were detected after transfected miR-25-3p mimics in goat intramuscular preadipocytes.

3.3. KLF4 as a target gene of miR-25-3p

The above research proves that miR-25-3p plays an important role in the differentiation of adipocytes. To further explore its molecular mechanism, we used luciferase reporter assay to verify the relationship between KLF4 and miR-25-3p (Fig. 5a). The result showed that when miR-25-3p was overexpressed, the mRNA expression of KLF4 was significantly inhibited (Fig. 5b). As expected, miR-25-3p mimics and KLF4 3′-UTR dual-luciferase reporter vectors co-transfected into 293T cells significantly reduced the activity of the pmirGLO–KLF4–3′-UTR reporter gene, suggesting that miR-25-3p can target the 3′-UTR of KLF4 (Fig. 5c).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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miR-25-3p can target 3′-UTR of KLF4. (a) Schematic diagram of pmirGLO dual luciferase and the interaction between miR-25-3p and KLF4. (b) The mRNA expression level of KLF4 after miR-25-3p overexpression. (c) KLF4 3′-UTR dual luciferase vector was co-transfected with miR-25-3p mimics and negative control.

4. Discussion

The important role of fat is to store energy and maintain metabolic stability. According to the location of fat deposition, it can be divided into four categories: subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, intramuscular fat, and visceral fat. Among them, intramuscular fat deposition is of great significance to meat flavor, nutrition, and taste (Cui et al., 2016; Poleti et al., 2018a; Wood et al., 2008). In addition, intramuscular fat cells can gradually accumulate through the proliferation and differentiation to form the marble pattern in meat (Poleti et al., 2018b; Zhao et al., 2019). In recent years, miRNAs have become a hot spot for studying the processes of fat differentiation and lipid metabolism. For example, miR-142 and miR-144 can target FoxO1 and inhibit its expression level in sheep precursor adipocytes while promoting the differentiation of adipocytes via the negative regulation of PPAR γ by FoxO1 (Zhao, 2018). In addition, miR-331-3p can inhibit the proliferation of porcine precursor adipocytes. Overexpression of miR-331-3p can regulate the expression of dihydrolipamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST) to regulate fatty acid accumulation in the citrate pyruvate cycle (Chen et al., 2019). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the role of miR-25-3p in lipogenesis is not fully understood.

In this experiment, we investigated the role of miR-25-3p in regulating goat intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation. We found that the expression of miR-25-3p was gradually increased in the early phase and then decreased. We also showed that overexpression of miR-25-3p promoted, whereas downregulation of miR-25-3p suppressed goat intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. This suggests that miR-25-3p plays a positive role in intramuscular preadipocyte differentiation in goats. Previous research has shown that miR-25 suppressed 3T3-L1 adipogenesis by targeting KLF4 and C/EBP α (Liang et al., 2015). Moreover, the latest research demonstrated that exosomal miR-25-3p could promotes vascular permeability and angiogenesis in mouse vascular endothelial cells by targeting and inhibiting the expression level of KLF4 (Zeng et al., 2018). We think that this could be a difference between from different species or organs. Noteworthy is the fact that the expression of key adipogenic genes in our study also had dramatic changes.

LPL is a rate-limiting enzyme that can be widely distributed in adipose tissue. In brown adipose tissue, LPL is related to thermogenesis. In white adipose tissue, the increase in LPL activity can help lipid storage (Nimonkar et al., 2020; Pérez-Torres et al., 2019; Ruppert and Kersten, 2020). PPAR γ is a member of the nuclear receptor family and a necessary transcription factor for adipogenesis. The functions of PPAR γ are to promote the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and maintaining mature adipocytes (Jeon et al., 2020). Furthermore, in goat mammary epithelial cells PPAR γ could significantly up-regulate the expression of genes that are related to synthesis and secretion of promoting fat deposition, such as LPL, FASN, ACACA, PLIN3, FABP3, PLIN2, and SREBF1 (Shi et al., 2013). AP2 is a fatty acid binding protein that promotes the hydrolysis and transport of lipids in the cytoplasm (Zhang et al., 2019). Studies have shown that overexpression of KLF9 in chicken precursor adipocytes can inhibit the accumulation of triglycerides by down-regulating AP2 (Sun et al., 2019). SREBP1 can regulate the expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis. Knockout SREBP1 in human liver cancer cells can inhibit the synthesis of triglycerides and prevent the expression levels of fatty acid synthesis genes, such as ACLY, ACACA, and FASN (Edwards et al., 2000; Moon et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2019). In our study, overexpression of miR-25-3p significantly promoted the mRNA expression levels of LPL, PPAR γ, AP2, SREBP1, and C/EBP β. Together, these results further suggest that the fat-promoting effect of miR-25-3p can be attributed to inhibition of the key adipogenic genes during goat intramuscular preadipocyte adipogenesis.

To screen the targets of miR-25-3p and the possible binding sites between miR-25-3p and its target, using Target Scan, miRCarta, miRTarBas, and microRNAseq target prediction packages, we found that KLF4 3′-UTR can efficiently bind to the miR-25-3p seed region, which is highly conserved among mammals. KLF4 is a member of KLFs, and a growing number of studies have confirmed the role of KLFs in regulating adipocyte differentiation (Lee et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2020). As expected, the luciferase assay showed that overexpression of miR-25-3p significantly reduced luciferase activity of KLF4, which was consistent with the mechanism of miRNAs targeting mRNA in goat intramuscular adipocytes. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of KLF4 can inhibit the accumulation of lipid droplets in goat intramuscular preadipocytes (Lin, 2018). In addition, in mouse stromal vascular cells and both subcutaneous and visceral human fat, an adenosine receptor-Krüppel-like factor 4 protein axis inhibits adipogenesis (Anna et al., 2014). The qRT-PCR result in our study showed that overexpression of miR-25-3p inhibited the expression of KLF4 exceedingly.

Taken together, these results further suggest that miR-25-3p plays a positive regulation in goat intramuscular preadipocyte via targeting KLF4 and inhibiting its expression.

5. Conclusions

We demonstrated that miR-25-3p positively regulates the differentiation of goat intramuscular preadipocytes. Furthermore, we found that miR-25-3p promotes preadipocyte differentiation by regulating the expression of key adipogenic genes and binding to the 3′-UTR of KLF4 and thereby inhibiting KLF4 transcription.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine for supplying the equipment used in the experiment. We also thank Sichuan Jianyang Big Brother Dairy Co., Ltd. for providing experimental animals.

Data availability

The original data are available upon request to the corresponding author.

Author contributions

YW, JZ, and YL conceived and designed the experiments. YD and YZ performed the experiments. QM, JZ, and YL analyzed the data. YD wrote the manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Financial support

Review statement

This paper was edited by Steffen Maak and reviewed by three anonymous referees.

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Associated Data

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Data Availability Statement

The original data are available upon request to the corresponding author.

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