Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between maternal diabetes and neurodevelopmental disorders for children born in Sweden in 1987–2010 (N = 2 369 680)
| Unexposed | T1DM |
T2DM |
GDM |
PGDM-NOS |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. cases (%) | No. cases (%) | Model 1a | Model 2b | No. cases (%) | Model 1a | Model 2b | No. cases (%) | Model 1a | Model 2b | No. cases (%) | Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| Unaffected | 2 193 432 | 16 024 | Ref. | Ref. | 1523 | Ref. | Ref. | 19 808 | Ref. | Ref. | 2961 | Ref. | Ref. |
| Any ASD | 44 493 (1.99) | 482 (2.92) | 1.48 (1.35, 1.63) | 1.29 (1.17, 1.42) | 51 (3.24) | 1.85 (1.39, 2.48) | 1.37 (1.03, 1.84) | 577 (2.83) | 1.43 (1.32, 1.56) | 1.30 (1.20, 1.42) | 75 (2.47) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | 1.13 (0.90, 1.43) |
| Any ID | 20 151 (0.91) | 277 (1.70) | 1.91 (1.69, 2.16) | 1.58 (1.40, 1.79) | 43 (2.75) | 3.57 (2.59, 4.92) | 2.09 (1.53, 2.87) | 306 (1.52) | 1.68 (1.50, 1.89) | 1.30 (1.15, 1.46) | 46 (1.53) | 1.49 (1.10, 2.02) | 1.24 (0.92, 1.67) |
| Any ADHD | 99 665 (4.35) | 1038 (6.08) | 1.42 (1.33, 1.53) | 1.21 (1.13, 1.29) | 102 (6.28) | 1.78 (1.44, 2.19) | 1.43 (1.16, 1.77) | 1035 (4.97) | 1.17 (1.10, 1.25) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.23) | 178 (5.67) | 1.22 (1.04, 1.43) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.34) |
| ASD only | 19 029 (0.86) | 191 (1.18) | 1.38 (1.20, 1.60) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.45) | 23 (1.49) | 2.00 (1.31, 3.03) | 1.54 (1.01, 2.34) | 256 (1.28) | 1.49 (1.32, 1.69) | 1.37 (1.21, 1.56) | 27 (0.90) | 1.02 (0.70, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.42) |
| ADHD only | 74 982 (3.31) | 753 (4.49) | 1.37 (1.27, 1.49) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | 74 (4.63) | 1.74 (1.37, 2.22) | 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) | 750 (3.65) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) | 1.14 (1.06, 1.23) | 132 (4.27) | 1.22 (1.02, 1.47) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.38) |
| ASD + ADHD | 18 439 (0.83) | 199 (1.23) | 1.46 (1.26, 1.69) | 1.23 (1.06, 1.42) | 16 (1.04) | 1.46 (0.88, 2.42) | 1.12 (0.68, 1.86) | 205 (1.02) | 1.26 (1.09, 1.44) | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) | 33 (1.10) | 1.33 (0.94, 1.88) | 1.27 (0.89, 1.80) |
| ID without ASDc | 13 126 (0.59) | 185 (1.14) | 1.96 (1.68, 2.28) | 1.59 (1.37, 1.85) | 31 (1.99) | 4.22 (2.91, 6.12) | 2.42 (1.67, 3.49) | 190 (0.95) | 1.62 (1.40, 1.88) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.45) | 31 (1.04) | 1.50 (1.04, 2.17) | 1.22 (0.85, 1.76) |
| ID + ASDd | 7025 (0.32) | 92 (0.57) | 1.81 (1.46, 2.23) | 1.54 (1.25, 1.90) | 12 (0.78) | 2.74 (1.53, 4.90) | 1.61 (0.90, 2.88) | 116 (0.58) | 1.82 (1.51, 2.19) | 1.38 (1.14, 1.66) | 15 (0.50) | 1.54 (0.92, 2.57) | 1.28 (0.77, 2.14) |
T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; PGDM-NOS, pre-gestational diabetes mellitus-not specified; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; ID, intellectual disability; ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Model 1: adjusted for birth year and children’s sex.
Model 2: adjusted for birth year, children’s sex, maternal age, parity, the highest parental educational level, parental income quintile at birth, children’s birthplace in Sweden, parental immigration status, parental history of inpatient psychiatric care, smoking during pregnancy, PCOS and pre-gestational BMI. Missing values were replaced with dummy categories and a complete data set was used for this analysis.
Includes individuals diagnosed with ID and ADHD.
Includes individuals diagnosed with ASD, ID and ADHD.