Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 May 13;8:387–401. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S300182

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© 2021 Koulouris et al.

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

PMC Copyright notice

Treatment regimens and their mechanisms of action. The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases.²⁷^,⁷⁷^,⁷⁸

Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factorrReceptor 2; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor; FLT3, fms-like tyrosine kinase 3; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptors; MET, tyrosine-protein kinase met or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR); Tie2, a tyrosine kinase receptor; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1.