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. 2021 May 13;16:3329–3342. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S303770

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© 2021 Yu et al.

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Results of osteogenesis assay in vitro: (A) Representative SEM images of MC3T3-E1 cells adhesion to the samples after 24 h (scale bar = 1 µm), more anchored lamellipodia and filopodia could be observed wrapping around the micro-/nano-nets and micro-/nano-tubes (red arrows); (B) Cell proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells on the surfaces of the samples after 1, 4 and 7 days; (C) ALP activity assay of MC3T3-E1 cells on the surfaces of the samples after 7 and 14 days; (D–F) Gene expression relating to osteogenesis measured with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction after 7 days. *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001.