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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 14.
Published in final edited form as: Ecol Modell. 2020 Nov 14;440:109358. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109358

Table 3.

Input variables into ecological production function models (EPFs) to model ecosystem services metrics.

Ecosystem Service Input Environmental Condition Variables Output Ecosystem Service Metric
Air Quality
Canopy cover Rate of air pollutant removal
Food, Fiber, and Fuel Provisioning
None (decline at fixed rate over time) Raw material reserves
None (constant over time) Commercial fishery landings
Area of forest cover Forest area allocated for timber removal
Area of each land use/land cover class Nitrogen fixation
Area of each land use/land cover class Carbon sequestration
Precipitation, temperature, area of each land use/land cover class Soil water content
None (decline at fixed rate over time) Energy reserves
Greenspace
None (constant over time) % of people who did non-consumptive activity within a mile of their home
Area of each land use/land cover class Biodiversity
Area of water, population density Modelled area of blue space per person
None (constant over time) National Parks acreage
None (constant over time) % area designated rural park or wildlife area
None (constant over time) Number of National Park visitors within a state
Area of each barren, forest, grassland, wetland classes Modelled area of natural lands
Water Quality
Precipitation, temperature, area of each land use/land cover class Sediment load
Precipitation, temperature, area of each land use/land cover class Nutrient load
Precipitation, temperature, area of each land use/land cover class Fecal coliform load
Water Quantity
Area of each land use/land cover class Rainwater retention capacity by soil
None (constant over time) Water Sustainability Index