TABLE 2.
Anthropometric and dietary characteristics of the study population1
| GM (95% CI) or n (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n | Total (n = 980) | Rural (n = 788) | Urban (n = 192) | P 2 |
| Anthropometric | |||||
| Weight, kg | 969 | 53.0 (52.2, 53.7) | 52.6 (51.7, 53.4) | 54.6 (52.8, 56.4) | 0.06 |
| Height, cm | 969 | 153.2 (152.9, 153.6) | 153.4 (153.0, 153.8) | 152.7 (151.9, 153.5) | 0.14 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 969 | 22.6 (22.2, 22.9) | 22.3 (22.0, 22.7) | 23.4 (22.7, 24.2) | 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2)3,4 | 920 | ||||
| <18.5 | 177 (19.2) | 153 (20.8) | 24 (13.1) | 0.02 | |
| 18.5 to <25.0 | 440 (47.8) | 354 (48.0) | 86 (47.0) | ||
| 25.0 to <30.0 | 215 (23.4) | 159 (21.6) | 56 (30.6) | ||
| ≥30.0 | 88 (9.6) | 71 (9.6) | 17 (9.3) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2)3,5 | 920 | ||||
| <18.5 | 177 (19.2) | 153 (20.8) | 24 (13.1) | 0.04 | |
| 18.5 to <23.0 | 308 (33.5) | 250 (33.9) | 58 (31.7) | ||
| 23.0 to <27.5 | 253 (27.5) | 198 (26.9) | 55 (30.1) | ||
| ≥27.5 | 182 (19.8) | 136 (18.5) | 46 (25.1) | ||
| Midupper arm circumference, cm | 969 | 26.7 (26.5, 27.0) | 26.6 (26.3, 26.9) | 27.3 (26.7, 27.9) | 0.03 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 969 | 74.6 (73.9, 75.3) | 74.2 (73.4, 75.0) | 76.3 (74.7, 78.0) | 0.03 |
| >88.9 cm3,6 | 920 | 123 (13.4) | 93 (12.6) | 30 (16.4) | 0.18 |
| Dietary preference7 | 974 | ||||
| Vegan | 3 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.001 | |
| Vegetarian | 64 (6.6) | 63 (8.0) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Nonvegetarian | 907 (93.1) | 717 (91.6) | 190 (99.5) | ||
| Dietary preference7 | 974 | ||||
| Vegan or vegetarian | 67 (6.9) | 66 (8.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0.0001 | |
| Nonvegetarian | 907 (93.1) | 717 (91.6) | 190 (99.5) | ||
| Frequency of animal-source foods consumption | |||||
| Dairy | 974 | ||||
| Never | 53 (5.4) | 42 (5.4) | 11 (5.8) | 0.02 | |
| Almost never (<1×/mo) | 35 (3.6) | 35 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Occasionally (<1×/wk) | 79 (8.1) | 63 (8.0) | 16 (8.4) | ||
| Often (∼1×/wk) | 152 (15.6) | 114 (14.6) | 38 (19.9) | ||
| Very often (>1×/wk) | 655 (67.2) | 529 (67.6) | 126 (66.0) | ||
| Eggs | 969 | ||||
| Never | 72 (7.4) | 65 (8.4) | 7 (3.7) | 0.003 | |
| Almost never (<1×/mo) | 107 (11.0) | 95 (12.2) | 12 (6.3) | ||
| Occasionally (<1×/wk) | 178 (18.4) | 134 (17.2) | 44 (23.0) | ||
| Often (∼1×/wk) | 376 (38.8) | 289 (37.1) | 87 (45.5) | ||
| Very often (>1×/wk) | 236 (24.4) | 195 (25.1) | 41 (21.5) | ||
| Poultry | 973 | ||||
| Never | 106 (10.9) | 99 (12.7) | 7 (3.7) | 0.0007 | |
| Almost never (<1×/mo) | 81 (8.3) | 67 (8.6) | 14 (7.3) | ||
| Occasionally (<1×/wk) | 119 (12.2) | 100 (12.8) | 19 (9.9) | ||
| Often (∼1×/wk) | 537 (55.2) | 409 (52.3) | 128 (67.0) | ||
| Very often (>1×/wk) | 130 (13.4) | 107 (13.7) | 23 (12.0) | ||
| Meat | 973 | ||||
| Never | 219 (22.5) | 197 (25.2) | 22 (11.5) | <0.0001 | |
| Almost never (<1×/mo) | 303 (31.1) | 240 (30.7) | 63 (33.0) | ||
| Occasionally (<1×/wk) | 213 (21.9) | 148 (18.9) | 65 (34.0) | ||
| Often (∼1×/wk) | 209 (21.5) | 169 (21.6) | 40 (20.9) | ||
| Very often (>1×/wk) | 29 (3.0) | 28 (3.6) | 1 (0.5) | ||
| Fish | 973 | ||||
| Never | 308 (31.7) | 261 (33.4) | 47 (24.6) | 0.04 | |
| Almost never (<1×/mo) | 388 (39.9) | 298 (38.1) | 90 (47.1) | ||
| Occasionally (<1×/wk) | 178 (18.3) | 139 (17.8) | 39 (20.4) | ||
| Often (∼1×/wk) | 74 (7.6) | 61 (7.8) | 13 (6.8) | ||
| Very often (>1×/wk) | 25 (2.6) | 23 (2.9) | 2 (1.0) | ||
1
Values GMs (95% CI) or n (%). Total (ns) are true sample ns. GM, geometric mean.
2
Chi-square statistics and 1-factor ANOVA were used to evaluate differences in categorical and continuous variables, respectively.
3
Among participants ≥18 y old (n = 931; rural: 747; urban: 184).
4
BMI categories as defined by the WHO (52).
5
BMI categories for Asian populations (53).
6
Defined as >35 inches, converted to >88.9 cm (54).
7
Vegetarian: consumed milk and/or eggs; Nonvegetarian: consumed poultry, meat, and/or fish.