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. 2020 Nov 27;31(6):4285–4297. doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07542-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for all effect modifiers (per protocol). ODI scores range from 0 (no disability) to 100 (maximum disability). Observed difference between treatment groups (mean ± 95% CI) and estimated coefficients (with 95% CI) for interaction from the ANCOVA (per protocol) with p values. Missing value not imputed in one patient (excluded). PP, per protocol; CI, confidence interval; STIR, short tau inversion recovery; MC, Modic change. MC variables are based on T1- and T2-weighted fast spin echo images, not STIR