FIGURE 4.

Humeroulnar joint 3D ROM maps showing variation in shape and position of ROM envelopes produced by 3 DOF multiaxial elbow rotations in Palorchestes and comparative species. Palorchestes plotted with other marsupials: (a) extant phylogenetic bracket taxa Phascolarctos (koala) and Vombatus (common wombat); (b) extinct contemporaneous vombatiform megafauna of similar body size, Phascolonus (giant wombat) and Zygomaturus (browsing diprotodontid). Palorchestes plotted with placental species sharing similar forelimb morphologies which may represent functional analogues: (c) Orycteropus (aardvark) and Smutsia (giant pangolin); (d) Myrmecophaga (giant anteater) and Melursus (sloth bear). Views are orthographic and isometric, grids show 2D projections of ROM. Thick grid lines represent zero