Table 7.

Viscoelastic assays

Reference	Study design	TBI type	Age category	Patients (n)	Antithrombotic treatment (n, %)	Hemostatic comorbidities	Sampling times	First sample	Results
Fair [31]	Prospective observational	Isolated TBI	Adults	141	20 (14%) ASA	Excluded those with known coagulation disorders	On admission and 6, 12, 24, 48 h after injury	N/A	Normal TEG LY30 during time studied
Wang [33]	Interventional	Isolated moderate TBI	Adults	83	0 (0%)	Excluded those with known coagulation disorders	NO admission, 12, 24, 48, 72 h after injury	N/A	Normal ROTEM CT, CFT or MCF during time studied
Leeper [50]	Prospective observational	Severe TBI	Pediatric	39	N/A	Excluded those with preexisting coagulation disorders	On admission and 1, 2, 3, 4 days after injury	N/A	Normal LY30 on admission that decreased to fibrinolysis shutdown ranges starting on postinjury day 1 and continuing to postinjury day 3
Leeper [49]	Prospective observational	Severe TBI	Pediatric	91	N/A	Excluded those with preexisting coagulation disorders	N/A	N/A	Elevated TEG LY30 within the first hour after injury, followed by a decrease toward fibrinolysis shutdown which had become the predominant phenotype already 3 h after trauma
Massaro [57]	Prospective observational	Moderate to severe TBI	Adults	25	0 (0%)	Alcohol use in 68%	On admission and 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–5 days after injury	Mean 18 h after injury	TEG MA, TG and G higher at late stage (> 48 h) compared to early stage (0–48 h) after injury

CFT clot formation time; CT clotting time; h hours; MA maximum amplitude; MCF maximum clot firmness; G G-value; TBI traumatic brain injury; TEG thromboelastography; TG thrombin generation; ROTEM rotational thromboelastometry