Table 2.
Main characteristics and findings of the included articles for the review
| Method of FD calculation | Articles % (n) |
|---|---|
| Box counting | 73.68 (14) |
| Differential box counting | 10.52 (2) |
| Power spectra | 5.26 (1) |
| Others | 10.52 (2) |
| Images processing method | Articles % (n) |
| White and Rudolph | 73.68 (14) |
| Others | 26.31 (5) |
| ROI shape | Articles % (n) |
| Rectangular | 33.33 (7) |
| Square | 47.61 (10) |
| Irregular | 9.52 (2) |
| Not specified | 9.52 (2) |
| Imaging techniques | Articles % (n) |
| PR | 68.18 (15) |
| PA | 18.18 (4) |
| CBCT | 13.63 (3) |
| Main results on FD | Measurements % (n) |
| Significant difference between HC and OP | 51.35 (19) |
| No difference between HC and OP | 48.64 (18) |
| Accuracy higher than 80% | 100 (2) |
| Accuracy lower than 80% | // |
| Significant correlation between FD and BMD | 50 (1) |
| Absence of correlation between FD and BMD | 50 (1) |
| Dental images | FD values (min-max) |
| PR |
HC: 1.065–3.190 OP: 1.049–3.240 |
| PA |
HC: 0.834–3.190 OP: 0.823–3.240 |
| CBCT |
HC: 0.91–1.40 OP: 0.93–1.39 |
Abbreviations: CBCT cone beam computed tomography; FD fractal dimension; HC healthy control; OP osteoporotic patients; PR panoramic radiographs; PA periapical radiographs