Table 3.
Summarizes fractal dimension (FD) values for the studies (#12) included in the meta- analyses
| First author/year | Region/subregion 1: mandible; 2: maxilla; 3: condyle (a: molar; b: premolar; c: canine) |
Healthy individuals | Osteoporotic patients | Method for measuring FD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FD mean (sd) | N | FD mean (sd) | N | |||
| Alam/2020 [41] | 1/b | 1.64 (0.02) | 30 | 1.65 (0.02) | 30 | Box counting by White and Rudolph |
| Gungor/2006 [28] | 2/c | 0.91 (0.17) | 25 | 0.94 (0.08) | 29 | Box counting by Mandelbrot |
| 2/c | 0.96 (0.04) | 0.93 (0.05) | ||||
| 3 | 1.4 (0.02) | 1.37 (0.07) | ||||
| 3 | 1.39 (0.07) | 1.39 (0.04) | ||||
| Hwang/2017 [45] | 3 | 1.27 (0.06) | 227 | 1.27 (0.07) | 227 | Box counting by White and Rudolph |
| 1/a | 1.29 (0.07) | 1.28 (0.07) | ||||
| 1/b | 1.22 (0.07) | 1.21 (0.06) | ||||
| Kavitha/2015 [47] | 1/b | 1.69 (0.03) | 120 | 1.66 (0.04) | 21 | Differential Box Counting by Sarkar and Chauduri |
| 1/b | 1.38 (0.04) | 1.37 (0.04) | ||||
| 1/b | 1.15 (0.05) | 1.11 (0.05) | ||||
| 1/b | 1.41 (0.03) | 1.38 (0.03) | ||||
| 1/b | 1.69 (0.03) | 121 | 1.66 (0.03) | 20 | ||
| 1/b | 1.38 (0.04) | 1.36 (0.03) | ||||
| 1/b | 1.15 (0.03) | 1.14 (0.09) | ||||
| 1/b | 1.41 (0.02) | 1.39 (0.04) | ||||
| Koh/2012 [49] | 2/c | 1.16 (0.13) | 31 | 1.17 (0.12) | 25 | Box counting by White and Rudolph |
| 2/b | 1.08 (0.07) | 1.10 (0.09) | ||||
| 2/a | 1.11 (0.08) | 1.08 (0.10) | ||||
| 1/c | 1.16 (0.1) | 1.11 (0.12) | ||||
| 1/b | 1.13 (0.09) | 1.10 (0.08) | ||||
| 1/a | 1.16 (0.08) | 1.13 (0.09) | ||||
| Law/1996* [50] | 1/b | 1.13 (0.03) | 44 | 3.24 (0.07) | 60 | Power spectra |
| Mostafa/2016 [51] | 1/c | 1.17 (0.04) | 25 | 1.19 (0.04) | 25 | Box counting by White and Rudolph |
| Oliveira/2013 [52] | 1/a | 1.41 (0.08) | 38 | 1.36 (0.10) | 35 | Box counting (Minkowski-Bouligand dimension) |
| 1/a | 1.40 (0.07) | 1.35 (0.11) | ||||
| 1/c | 1.40 (0.08) | 1.38 (0.08) | ||||
| 1/c | 1.42 (0.05) | 1.37 (0.08) | ||||
| Sindeaux/2014 [30] | 1/c | 1.14 (0.081) | 22 | 1.14 (0.122) | 62 | Box counting by White and Rudolph |
| 1/c | 1.17 (0.11) | 24 | 1.15 (0.09) | 25 | ||
| 1/c | 1.18 (0.11) | 22 | 1.15 (0.13) | 62 | ||
| 1/c | 1.16 (0.15) | 24 | 1.18 (0.10) | 25 | ||
| 1/c | 1.13 (0.12) | 22 | 1.13 (0.15) | 62 | ||
| 1/c | 1.16 (0.15) | 24 | 1.15 (0.12) | 25 | ||
| 1/a | 1.42 (0.05) | 22 | 1.34 (0.08) | 62 | ||
| 1/a | 1.42 (0.05) | 24 | 1.38 (0.06) | 25 | ||
| 1/b | 1.429 (0.07) | 22 | 1.354 (0.09) | 62 | ||
| 1/b | 1.373 (0.06) | 24 | 1.371 (0.05) | 25 | ||
| Tosoni/2006 [54] | 1/a | 1.33 (0.03) | 15 | 1.34 (0.04) | 17 | Box counting by White and Rudolph |
| 1/c | 1.16 (0.03) | 1.14 (0.05) | ||||
| 1/a | 1.55 (0.03) | 1.56 (0.03) | ||||
| 1/c | 1.3 (0.07) | 1.33 (0.06) | ||||
| Vijayalakshmi/2017 [55] | 1/a | 0.83 (0.10) | 30 | 0.82 (0.09) | 30 | Box counting by White and Rudolph |
| 1/b | 0.84 (0.09) | 0.84 (0.13) | ||||
| 1/c | 0.83 (0.11) | 0.82 (0.12) | ||||
| Yasar/2006 [56] | 1/b | 1.39 (0.05) | 21 | 1.4 (0.07) | 27 | Box counting by White and Rudolph |
Abbreviations: FD fractal dimension; N number of individuals/patients; sd standard deviation