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. 2021 May 17;11:10456. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89953-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A snapshot of the 2D spatial particle distribution in (a) at $t = 750 Δ t$ shows the complex structure formed by the mono-dispersed inertial particles with $S t = 1.0$ in a periodic domain of size $L \times L$ . The background color-map corresponds to the vorticity field (with values given by the colorbar on the left side of the top panel) and the particles are plotted using black markers. Notice that the particles in the high vorticity regions have moved out towards the regions bounding the vortices. The zoomed-in version in (b) shows the details of the caustic structures around the central region of the domain. See the video C.1 for the evolution of the caustic structures. The figures were generated using Matlab 2020a, https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html.