Fig. 5. The electrochemical performances of the as–assembled ACSBs.

a The CV curves of the S/C|aqueous gel electrolyte|Ca_0.4MnO₂ full cell collected at a scan rate of 0.2 mV s^–1. b The rate performance of full cells with different electrolytes. c The voltage profiles of full cell assembled with aqueous gel electrolyte at different specific currents. d Comparison of specific energies of various aqueous energy storage devices based on the total mass of the electrode active materials. Color code: cyan, brown, orange, blue, black, and violet represent Li–, Na–, K–, Mg–, Al–, Ca–based aqueous batteries, respectively. e The cycling performances and corresponding Coulombic efficiencies of S/C||Ca_0.4MnO₂ full cells at 0.2 C. The mass ratio of Ca_0.4MnO₂ cathode to S/C anode is about 1.6:1. f Water–soaking test of charged S/C|aqueous gel electrolyte|Ca_0.4MnO₂ pouch cell after corner cut.