Table 3.
Algae-derived compounds exert virucidal and virustatic activities.
| Activity | Compound | Species classification | Species | Model (cell line) | Virus | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virucidal | MC15 | Phaeophyceae | Eisenia bicyclis | In vitro (CHSE-214) | IHNV | [88] |
| MGDG | Chlorophyta | Coccomyxa sp. |
In vitro (Vero) In vivo (Murine) |
HSV-1/2 | [60] | |
| 7-Keto stigmasterol | Chlorophyta | Prasiola crispa | In vitro (RK-13) | EHV-1 | [89] | |
| Phycobiliprotein | Cyanobacteria | Spirulina platensis | In vitro (E. coli) | MS-2 ΦX-174 |
[90] | |
| Virustatic | Cyanovirin-N | Cyanobacteria | Nostoc ellipsosporum | In vitro (PBL, MAC) | HIV | [91] |
| GRFT | Rhodophyta | Griffithsia sp. | In vitro, (Vero, HEK-293, Huh-7, MRC-5) | MERS-CoV | [92,93] | |
| Lectins | Various | Various | Various | HIV | [58] | |
| Κ-Carrageenan oligosaccharide | Rhodophyta | Not reported | In vitro (MDCK) | IAV | [94] | |
| Fucoidan | Phaeophyceae | Fucus evanescens |
In vitro (Vero, MT-4) In vivo (Murine) |
HSV-1/2, HIV, ECHO-1 | [95] | |
| Ulvan | Chlorophyta | Ulva pertusa | In vitro (DF-1) | ALV | [96] | |
| Xylomannan | Rhodophyta | Scinaia hatei | In vitro (Vero) | HSV | [97] | |
| p-KG03 | Dinophyceae | Gyrodinium impudium | In vitro (MDCK) | IAV | [98] | |
| AEX | Chlorophyta | Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis | In vitro (Vero) | IBDV | [99] | |
| GFP | Rhodophyta | Grateloupia filicina | In vitro (DF-1) | ALV | [100] | |
| PMG | Phaeophyceae | Not reported | HPV | [64] | ||
| Unknown | Loliolide | Phyllanthaceae (land plant) Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta |
Phyllanthus urinaria Various |
In vitro (Huh-7.5) | HCV | [101] [102] |
| Polyphenol | Phaeophyceae Rhodophyta |
Ecklonia arborea Solieria filiformis |
In vitro (Vero) | MeV | [103] | |
| Pheophorbide | Chlorophyta | Dunaliella primolecta | In vitro (Vero) | HSV-1 | [104] | |
| Diterpenes | Phaeophyceae | Dictyota menstrualis | In vitro (Vero) | ZV | [105] | |
| Arthrospira extract | Cyanobacteria | Arthrospira fusiformis | In vitro (RC-37) | HSV-1 | [76] | |
| Dolastane | Phaeophyceae | Canistrocarpus cervicornis | In vitro (Vero) | [106] |