Table 8.

Algae-derived compounds inhibit the viral replication cycle.

Compound	Species classification	Species	Virus	Activity	Model	Reference
Dolastatin 3	Cyanobacteria	Lyngbya majuscula	HIV-1	Anti-HIV-1 integrase	N/A (enzyme assay)	[182]
Macroalgae extracts	Phaeophyceae Phaeophyceae Chlorophyta (1 species) Phaeophyceae (8 species) Rhodophyta (6 species)	Ecklonia cava, Ishige okamurae, Sargassum confusum Sargassum hemiphyllum, Sargassum ringgoldianum Various	HIV-1 HIV-1 HIV-1	Anti-HIV-1 integrase and RT Anti-HIV-1 integrase Anti-HIV-1 RT	N/A (enzyme assay) N/A (enzyme assay) N/A (enzyme assay)	[183] [183] [183]
8,8′-Bieckol	Phaeophyceae	Ecklonia cava	HIV-1	Anti-HIV-1 RT, protease	N/A (enzyme assay)	[184]
DEHC	Phaeophyceae	Ishige okamurae	HIV-1	Anti-HIV-1 integrase and RT	N/A (enzyme assay)	[185]
Diterpenes	Phaeophyceae	Dictyota menstrualis	HIV-1	Anti-HIV-1 DNA synthesis, likely mediated by anti-RT activity	In vitro (PM-1 from Hut78)	[186]
Fucan, fucoidan, alginic acid	Phaeophyceae	Dictyota mertensii Lobophora variegata Spatoglossum schroederi Fucus vesiculosus	HIV-1	Anti-HIV-1 RT	N/A (enzyme assay)	[187]
Alginate, ‘911’	Not reported	Not reported	HIV-1 HBV	Anti-HIV-1 RT Anti-HBV DNA polymerase	In vitro (MT4) HepG2215	[188] Surveyed [173,183]
λ-Carrageenan	Rhodophyta	Schizymenia pacifica	HIV	Anti-HIV RT	In vitro (MT-4), enzyme assays	[191]
SQDG	Rhodophyta	Gigartina tenella	HIV-1	Anti-HIV RT	N/A (enzyme assay)	[192]
Peyssonol A	Rhodophyta	Peyssonnelia sp.	HIV-1	Anti-HIV-1/2 RT	N/A (enzyme assay)	[193]
Cyanobacterial extracts	Cyanobacteria	Nostoc, Phormidium, Oscillatoria, Chroococcus, Schizothrix, Aphanocapsa, Synechococcus, Aphanothece, Xenococcus	AMV HIV-1	Anti-RT	N/A (enzyme assay)	[194]
κ-Carrageenan oligosaccharide	Rhodophyta	Not reported	IAV (H1N1)	Inhibit RNA expression	In vitro (MDCK)	[94]
Phlorotannins	Phaeophyceae	Ecklonia cava	PEDV	Inhibit RNA/protein expression	In vitro (Vero)	[119]
dsRNA	Chlorophyta	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	YHV	RNAi	In vivo (Penaeus vannamei)	[195]