Table 11.
Algae-derived compounds modulate immune response.
| Compound | Species classification | Species | Virus | Activity | Model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fucoidan | Phaeophyceae |
Undaria pinnatifida Undaria pinnatifida Unknown Holothuria polii (sea cucumber) |
IAV (H1N1) IAV, AIV N/A N/A |
Decrease pathology without affecting viral titer Stimulate antibody production Hematopoietic mobilization Stimulate hematopoiesis |
In vivo (murine) In vivo (murine) In vivo (murine) In vivo (murine) |
[51] [52] [211] [212] |
| Ascophyllan HS | Phaeophyceae | Ascophyllum nodosum | N/A N/A N/A |
Stimulate IL-12 production Upregulate CD40, CD80, CD86, MHCI, MHCII, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α Promote Th1, Tc1 cell generation, enhance response Induce DC cell maturation Stimulate TNF- α, G-CSF, NO production, upregulate iNOS |
In vivo (murine) In vivo (murine) In vitro (RAW264.7) |
[233] [234] [235] |
| Lipoprotein | Cyanobacteria | Arthrospira platensis | IAV (H1N1) | Decreased histopathology Upregulate IL-1β, TNF-α, (IL)–8, MCP-1, MIP-1, MIP-1, IP-10, COX-2 |
In vivo (murine) In vitro (THP-1) |
[236] [237,238] |
| Paramylon | Euglenozoa | Euglena gracilis | IAV (H1N1) | Increase subject survival rate Lower viral titer Upregulate IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-12 (p70), IFN-γ, and IL-10 |
In vivo (murine) | [239] |
| AEX | Chlorophyta | Coccomyxa gloeobotrydiformis | IBDV | Increase production of NO Upregulate IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS production Activate PBMCs Promote extracellular antigen presentation Promote splenic lymphocyte and DT40 cell proliferation |
In vivo (chicken) | [99] |