Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of tomato intake with prostate cancer risk.
| Subgroup | Included studies | Pooled RR (95% CI) | P | Heterogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q | I2 (%) | P | ||||
| Total | 9 | 0.91 (0.79–1.03) | 0.138 | 20.83 | 61.6 | 0.008 |
| Tomato types | ||||||
| Raw | 4 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.378 | 1.37 | 0.0 | 0.712 |
| Cooked | 4 | 0.91 (0.75–1.10) | 0.305 | 8.54 | 64.9 | 0.036 |
| Sauce | 3 | 0.96 (0.82–1.14) | 0.666 | 8.96 | 77.7 | 0.011 |
| Juice | 4 | 0.98 (0.91–1.05) | 0.560 | 2.48 | 0.0 | 0.479 |
| Geographical region | ||||||
| North America | 5 | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 0.081 | 12.39 | 67.7 | 0.015 |
| Europe | 2 | 1.05 (0.61–1.81) | 0.866 | 5.82 | 82.8 | 0.016 |
| Asia | 1 | 1.16 (0.84–1.59) | 0.362 | – | – | – |
| Oceania | 1 | 0.84 (0.57–1.24) | 0.379 | – | – | – |
| Publication year | ||||||
| ≥2010 | 4 | 0.96 (0.76–1.20) | 0.716 | 9.88 | 69.6 | 0.020 |
| <2010 | 5 | 0.87 (0.73–1.05) | 0.145 | 9.36 | 57.3 | 0.053 |
| Study quality | ||||||
| High (NOS ≥ 7) | 5 | 0.94 (0.78–1.12) | 0.462 | 12.55 | 68.1 | 0.014 |
| Low (NOS <7) | 4 | 0.86 (0.69–1.07) | 0.167 | 5.84 | 48.7 | 0.119 |
| No. of cases | ||||||
| ≥1,000 | 4 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.155 | 8.20 | 63.4 | 0.042 |
| <1,000 | 5 | 0.90 (0.65–1.23) | 0.494 | 12.61 | 68.3 | 0.013 |
NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa scale; No, number; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.