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. 2021 May 17;12:2895. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23000-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Plasma density profile in the simulation, according to the actual experimental geometry and measured density profiles for both gas jets. The drive laser pulse propagates to the right. b Electron density distribution in the PWFA stage, 0.8 mm after the foil. The LWFA electron beam excites a plasma wakefield, with the witness beam accelerating at the back of the first cavity. ζ = z − ct represents the co-moving coordinate parallel to the drive beam propagation direction z, with c and t denoting the speed of light and time, respectively. The red line is the on-axis longitudinal electric field and the shaded areas on the bottom show the current profiles of the driver (blue) and witness beam (orange). c Simulated electron spectrum after the LWFA stage (z = 3.3 mm), showing a similar peaked energy distribution of the drive beam (blue) as measured in the experiment. d Just before the foil (z = 3.9 mm), the wakefield driven by the spent laser pulse leads to an energy gain of the LWFA electrons. e After the PWFA stage (z = 6.5 mm), a strong degradation of the driver along with energy gain of the witness beam (orange) is observed.