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. 2021 May 4;9:679527. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679527

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Copyright © 2021 Gao, Pang, Li, Gao, Fan and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Exosome biogenesis. (1) Exosome: The cytoplasmic membrane endocytosis to form vesicles, which are then fused with early endosomes. Then, the early endosomes invade to form multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Finally, MVBs are fused with cell membranes and released outside the cell to become exosomes. Diameter: 30∼120 nm. (2) Microvesicles: Budding directly from the cell membrane. Diameter: 100 nm∼1 μm (3) Apoptotic bodies: Released when cells suffer from programmed death or late apoptosis. Diameter: 500 nm∼2 μm.