TABLE 1.
Exosome-associated proteins and their functional relevance in PCa invasion and metastasis.
| Protein | Source | Biological function | References |
| Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) | Cell supernatant of PC-3 and LNCaP lines | Associated with PCa aggressiveness | Hasan et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019 |
| Integrin αvβ3 and Integrin αvβ6 | Serum of PCa patients and cell supernatant of CWR22 and PC-3 lines | Pro-inflammatory effect on stromal cells | Fedele et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2016; Krishn et al., 2019 |
| ITGA2 | Cell supernatant of PC-3 and DU-145 lines | Change the expression of EMT-related factors | Gaballa et al., 2020 |
| PKM2 | Serum of PCa patients and cell supernatant of PC-3 and C4-2B lines | Educate bone stroma to promote bone metastasis | Dai et al., 2019 |
| Hyal 1 | Cell supernatant of 22RV1 line | Promote PCa progression and metastasis | McAtee et al., 2019 |
| Caveolin-1 | Cell supernatant of PC-3, DU-145, and 22RV1 lines | Change the expression of EMT-related factors | Lin et al., 2019 |
| PLD2 | Cell supernatant of PC-3 and C4-2B lines | Activate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts | Lin et al., 2019 |
| Integrin αvβ3 and Synaptophysin | Cell supernatant of PC-3 and LNCaP lines | Activate src phosphorylation and promote inflammation | Fedele et al., 2015; Hoshino et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2016 |
| ITGA3 and ITGB1 | Cell supernatant of PC-3 and LNCaP lines | Promote epithelial cell invasion and migration | Bijnsdorp et al., 2013; Hoshino et al., 2015 |
| MMP-9 and MMP-14 | Cell supernatant of PC-3 line | Promote PCa cell growth | Wang et al., 2009; Vlaeminck-Guillem, 2018 |
| c-Src, IGF-1R, and FAK | Cell supernatant of PC-3, DU-145, and C4-2B lines | Promote PCa development and angiogenesis | Marx et al., 2001; Chang et al., 2007; DeRita et al., 2017 |
| Rab1a, Rab1b, and Rab11a | Cell supernatant of C4-2B lines | Promote PCa cell growth | Abd Elmageed et al., 2014 |
| Trop-2, vimentin, N-cadherin, and Integrin αvβ3 | Cell supernatant of PC-3 line | Induce PCa cell invasion | Chowdhury et al., 2015; Fedele et al., 2015; Trerotola et al., 2015; El-Sayed et al., 2017; Krishn et al., 2019 |
| CD63, CD81, HSP90, HSP70, TNF1α, IL-6, MMP2, MMP9, Annexin II, TSG101, Akt, ILK1, and β-catenin | Cell supernatant of PC-3 and LNCaP lines | Increase stemness, metastasis, and CAFs formation | Ramteke et al., 2015 |