Table 2.
Cardiovascular outcome measures during spontaneous breathing (SB), tachypnea (TP) and expiratory resistance breathing with diameters of 3 mm (ERB1), 2 mm (ERB2), and 1.5 mm (ERB3).
| SB | TP | ERB1 | p-value (vs. TP) | ERB2 | p-value (vs. TP) | ERB3 | p-value (vs. TP) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart rate, bpm | 67 (63–71) | 71 (65–76) | 74 (69–80) | 0.357 | 76 (71–81) | 0.134 | 80 (72–87) | 0.036 |
| MV Emax, m/s | 0.82 (0.76–0.90) | 0.80 (0.72 to 0.89) | 0.82 (0.73–0.90) | 0.254 | 0.84 (0.77–0.91) | 0.080 | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | 0.512 |
| MV Amax, m/s | 0.50 (0.47–0.54) | 0.54 (0.48–0.61) | 0.57 (0.47–0.66) | 0.285 | 0.63 (0.54–0.72 | 0.010 | 0.68 (0.59–0.77) | <0.0001 |
| MV Amax*, m/s | 0.50 (0.46–0.54) | 0.51 (0.46–0.57) | 0.49 (0.45–0.53) | 0.319 | 0.57 (0.50–0.64) | 0.002 | 0.62 (0.55–0.70) | <0.0001 |
| MV E/A | 1.71 (1.49–1.92) | 1.58 (0.76–2.40) | 1.55 (1.31–1.80) | 0.767 | 1.43 (1.21–1.65) | 0.044 | 1.26 (1.10–1.43) | <0.0001 |
| MV_E/A* | 1.72 (1.50–1.93) | 1.56 (0.76–2.36) | 1.71 (1.49–1.93) | 0.973 | 1.52 (1.30–1.75) | 0.009 | 1.34 (1.16–1.52) | <0.0001 |
| MV E/A# | 1.90 (1.66–2.14) | 1.85 (0.95–2.75) | 1.86 (1.63–2.10) | 0.748 | 1.77 (1.59–1.96) | 0.236 | 1.63 (1.49–1.77) | 0.039 |
| MV_E/A*, # | 1.90 (1.66–2.14) | 1.89 (0.93–2.85) | 2.01 (1.76–2.26) | 0.073 | 1.84 (1.64–2.05) | 0.492 | 1.69 (1.50–1.87) | 0.073 |
| e' sept | 0.14 (0.12–0.15) | 0.13 (0.12–0.15) | 0.14 (0.12–0.15) | 0.799 | 0.12 (0.11–0.14) | 0.052 | 0.12 (0.11–0.13) | 0.075 |
| E/e' sept | 6.2 (5.7–6.8) | 6.2 (5.6–6.7) | 6.3 (5.7–7.0) | 0.314 | 7.1 (6.4–7.8) | 0.000 | 7.1 (6.2–8.0) | 0.028 |
| e' lat | 0.17 (0.16–0.18) | 0.16 (0.15–0.17) | 0.16 (0.08–0.24) | 0.498 | 0.15 (0.14–0.17) | 0.655 | 0.15 (0.14–0.17) | 0.212 |
| E/e' lat | 5.0 (4.4–5.5) | 5.1 (4.5–5.8) | 5.4 (4.8–6.0) | 0.123 | 5.7 (5.0–6.3) | 0.192 | 5.4 (4.5–6.3) | 0.436 |
Data are presented as mean values with 95% confidence intervals. The respective measures during spontaneous breathing periods prior to interventional periods are summarized as one mean value.SB, spontaneous breathing; TP, tachypnea; ERB, expiratory resistance breathing; MV_Emax, maximum early-diastolic transmitral flow; MV_Amax, maximum late-diastolic transmitral flow; MV_E/A, ratio of E-wave to A-wave; e' sept, early-diastolic tissue Doppler velocity at the septal mitral annulus; e' lat, early-diastolic tissue Doppler velocity at the lateral mitral annulus; E/e' sept, ratio of E to e' sept; E/e' lat, ratio of E to e' lat.
non-fused;
corrected for a heart rate of 60/min.