Table 2.

Intracellular and extracellular GrK in human disease.

Disease Status	Extra- or intracellular	Description	Reference
Viral infection
Influenza A virus	Intracellular	GrK cleaves importin 1α or β in vitro, inhibiting viral replication of influenza A.	(38)
Dengue virus	Extracellular	Soluble GrK levels are elevated, suggesting an anti-viral role of GrK in vivo.	(23)
Cytomegalovirus	Extracellular	Soluble GrK levels are elevated, suggesting an anti-viral role of GrK in vivo.	(23)
Bacterial infection
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Extracellular	GrK synthesis occurs after 24h incubation of whole blood with P. aeruginosa.	(65)
Sepsis	Extracellular	Free GrK (monomer) is only found in septic patients, compared to the inactive (multimer) form in healthy controls.	(14)
Experimental endotoxemia	Extracellular	GrK levels are elevated upon LPS injection.	(65)
Lung disease
Airway inflammation (Allergic asthma & Bronchopneumonia)	Extracellular	GrK levels are elevated compared to healthy controls, leading to CCL3 release and recruitment of T cells to the site of inflammation.	(62)
Other
Thermal injury	Extracellular/ intracellular	GrK impairs wound healing in mice by promotion of inflammation and inhibiting epithelialization.	(56)

GrK, granzyme K; CCL3 or MIP-1-alpha, Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α.