Table 1.
Results from logit model on each strategy to support mental health including all predictors (N = 26,720)
| Model I: Medication |
Model II: Mental health professionals | Model III: GP/other health professionals |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| 30–45 (vs. 18–29) | 1.92 | [1.38–2.67] | 0.76 | [0.57–1.01] | 1.04 | [0.72–1.50] |
| 46–59 (vs. 18–29) | 2.82 | [2.01–3.97] | 0.64 | [0.47–0.87] | 1.07 | [0.72–1.61] |
| 60 + (vs. 18–29) | 2.24 | [1.55–3.25] | 0.32 | [0.21–0.49] | 0.67 | [0.41–1.09] |
| Women (vs. men) | 1.07 | [0.86–1.32] | 0.93 | [0.70–1.24] | 0.84 | [0.63–1.13] |
| Ethnic minority (vs. white) | 0.64 | [0.42–0.98] | 1.15 | [0.75–1.75] | 1.08 | [0.61–1.90] |
| Education medium (vs. low) | 0.76 | [0.60–0.96] | 1.05 | [0.74–1.49] | 1.12 | [0.82–1.53] |
| Education high (vs. low) | 0.78 | [0.63–0.97] | 1.42 | [1.04–1.94] | 0.95 | [0.72–1.27] |
| Employed (vs. not employed) | 0.94 | [0.77–1.13] | 0.92 | [0.72–1.17] | 0.81 | [0.59–1.11] |
| Income < 30 k (vs. ≥ 30 k) | 1.25 | [1.04–1.50] | 0.85 | [0.67–1.09] | 1.08 | [0.76–1.53] |
| Rural (vs. urban) | 1.11 | [0.91–1.35] | 1.22 | [0.93–1.60] | 1.03 | [0.79–1.34] |
| Living with children (vs. alone) | 1.05 | [0.81–1.36] | 0.60 | [0.44–0.82] | 0.89 | [0.63–1.26] |
| Living with others, no child (vs. alone) | 1.00 | [0.81–1.23] | 0.65 | [0.50–0.85] | 0.83 | [0.63–1.08] |
| Close friends < 3 (vs. ≥ 3) | 1.10 | [0.90–1.35] | 1.25 | [0.94–1.67] | 1.10 | [0.78–1.55] |
| Loneliness | 1.06 | [1.00–1.12] | 1.18 | [1.10–1.26] | 1.13 | [1.06–1.20] |
| Mental health diagnosis (vs. none) | 24.53 | [20.08–29.97] | 3.89 | [3.02–4.99] | 3.13 | [2.37–4.14] |
| Depression (PHQ-9) | 1.06 | [1.04–1.09] | 1.04 | [1.01–1.07] | 1.03 | [1.00–1.06] |
| Anxiety (GAD-7) | 0.98 | [0.95–1.00] | 1.02 | [0.98–1.05] | 1.06 | [1.04–1.10] |
| Coping: problem-focussed | 0.80 | [0.64–1.01] | 0.85 | [0.65–1.10] | 1.10 | [0.86–1.41] |
| Coping: emotion-focussed | 1.17 | [1.00–1.37] | 1.08 | [0.88–1.32] | 0.92 | [0.76–1.11] |
| Coping: avoidant | 1.43 | [1.21–1.70] | 1.11 | [0.88–1.40] | 1.23 | [0.96–1.59] |
| Coping: socially supported | 1.31 | [1.13–1.52] | 2.46 | [2.06–2.93] | 1.67 | [1.36–2.05] |
| Personality: openness to experience | 0.86 | [0.73–1.01] | 1.07 | [0.87–1.32] | 0.92 | [0.74–1.13] |
| Personality: conscientiousness | 1.07 | [0.91–1.25] | 0.92 | [0.77–1.11] | 1.11 | [0.88–1.41] |
| Personality: extraversion | 1.04 | [0.90–1.19] | 1.14 | [0.94–1.39] | 1.21 | [0.98–1.49] |
| Personality: agreeableness | 1.32 | [0.97–1.80] | 1.05 | [0.73–1.52] | 0.82 | [0.55–1.22] |
| Personality: neuroticism | 1.12 | [0.97–1.30] | 1.24 | [0.98–1.57] | 1.11 | [0.89–1.37] |
| Model IV: Helpline/online services | Model V: Self-care/help |
Model VI: family/friends | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| 30–45 (vs. 18–29) | 1.15 | [0.84–1.57] | 0.82 | [0.66–1.02] | 0.80 | [0.63–1.02] |
| 46–59 (vs. 18–29) | 1.05 | [0.79–1.39] | 0.63 | [0.50–0.78] | 0.58 | [0.46–0.74] |
| 60 + (vs. 18–29) | 0.71 | [0.51–0.99] | 0.34 | [0.27–0.43] | 0.34 | [0.26–0.43] |
| Women (vs. men) | 0.84 | [0.66–1.07] | 2.01 | [1.77–2.27] | 1.35 | [1.19–1.53] |
| Ethnic minority (vs. white) | 1.71 | [1.18–2.48] | 1.01 | [0.78–1.31] | 0.97 | [0.75–1.24] |
| Education medium (vs. low) | 1.41 | [1.03–1.94] | 1.30 | [1.09–1.55] | 1.25 | [1.04–1.50] |
| Education high (vs. low) | 1.38 | [1.00–1.92] | 2.01 | [1.68–2.41] | 1.42 | [1.19–1.71] |
| Employed (vs. Not employed) | 0.99 | [0.79–1.24] | 1.08 | [0.94–1.25] | 1.19 | [1.02–1.38] |
| Income < 30 k (vs. ≥ 30 k) | 1.08 | [0.86–1.37] | 0.97 | [0.84–1.11] | 0.94 | [0.82–1.09] |
| Rural (vs. urban) | 1.03 | [0.82–1.28] | 1.00 | [0.89–1.13] | 0.95 | [0.84–1.09] |
| Living with children (vs. alone) | 1.01 | [0.74–1.37] | 0.67 | [0.55–0.80] | 0.70 | [0.58–0.85] |
| Living with others, no child (vs. alone) | 0.96 | [0.73–1.26] | 0.90 | [0.78–1.04] | 0.73 | [0.63–0.85] |
| Close friends < 3 (vs. ≥ 3) | 1.02 | [0.77–1.36] | 0.96 | [0.84–1.11] | 0.87 | [0.75–1.01] |
| Loneliness (UCLA-3) | 1.17 | [1.09–1.25] | 1.09 | [1.05–1.13] | 1.03 | [0.98–1.07] |
| Mental health diagnosis (vs. none) | 2.76 | [2.16–3.52] | 2.05 | [1.73–2.43] | 2.06 | [1.74–2.45] |
| Depression (PHQ-9) | 1.03 | [1.00–1.06] | 0.99 | [0.98–1.01] | 1.04 | [1.02–1.06] |
| Anxiety (GAD-7) | 1.04 | [1.01–1.07] | 1.03 | [1.01–1.05] | 1.04 | [1.02–1.06] |
| Coping: problem-focussed | 1.18 | [0.92–1.51] | 1.80 | [1.53–2.11] | 1.12 | [0.96–1.30] |
| Coping: emotion-focussed | 1.16 | [0.93–1.45] | 1.47 | [1.32–1.64] | 1.00 | [0.89–1.12] |
| Coping: avoidant | 1.18 | [0.97–1.43] | 0.93 | [0.81–1.05] | 0.92 | [0.80–1.07] |
| Coping: socially supported | 1.71 | [1.43–2.03] | 1.72 | [1.55–1.91] | 4.19 | [3.73–4.72] |
| Personality: openness to experience | 0.98 | [0.80–1.19] | 1.77 | [1.57–2.01] | 1.13 | [1.00–1.29] |
| Personality: conscientiousness | 0.95 | [0.81–1.11] | 0.90 | [0.81–1.00] | 0.93 | [0.84–1.04] |
| Personality: extraversion | 1.15 | [0.96–1.37] | 0.88 | [0.80–0.97] | 1.35 | [1.21–1.50] |
| Personality: agreeableness | 1.41 | [1.00–2.00] | 1.20 | [0.98–1.46] | 1.30 | [1.05–1.60] |
| Personality: neuroticism | 1.27 | [1.04–1.56] | 1.08 | [0.97–1.20] | 1.22 | [1.09–1.36] |
p < 0.05 in bold text