Table 1. Demographics and medication histories and crude mortality rate according to current use of opioid.
| Variables | Current opioid non-user | Current opioid user | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 1,460 | 11,467 | ||
| Age group | 0.008 | |||
| 65–69 | 112 (7.7) | 668 (5.8) | ||
| 70–74 | 278 (19) | 2,097 (18.3) | ||
| 75–79 | 334 (22.9) | 3,032 (26.4) | ||
| 80–84 | 363 (24.9) | 2,923 (25.5) | ||
| 85–89 | 259 (17.7) | 1,921 (16.8) | ||
| ≥ 90 | 114 (7.8) | 826 (7.2) | ||
| Sex | 0.212 | |||
| Male | 354 (24.2) | 2,613 (22.8) | ||
| Female | 1,106 (75.8) | 8,854 (77.2) | ||
| Income | < 0.001 | |||
| Low | 585 (40.1) | 5,106 (44.5) | ||
| Mid-low | 344 (23.6) | 2,654 (23.1) | ||
| Mid-high | 267 (18.3) | 2,087 (18.2) | ||
| High | 264 (18.1) | 1,620 (14.1) | ||
| Residential area | 0.065 | |||
| Metropolitan | 559 (38.3) | 4,679 (40.8) | ||
| Non-metropolitan | 901 (61.7) | 6,788 (59.2) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Score | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 438 (30) | 2,655 (23.2) | ||
| 1–2 | 684 (46.8) | 5,222 (45.5) | ||
| 3–6 | 304 (20.8) | 3,043 (26.5) | ||
| ≥ 6 | 34 (2.3) | 547 (4.8) | ||
| Fracture type | 0.051 | |||
| Neck fracture | 811 (55.5) | 6,059 (52.8) | ||
| Intertrochanter fracture | 649 (44.5) | 5,408 (47.2) | ||
| Surgery type | 0.388 | |||
| Hemiarthroplasty | 721 (49.4) | 5,747 (50.1) | ||
| Internal fixation | 707 (48.4) | 5,409 (47.2) | ||
| Total hip arthroplasty | 32 (2.2) | 311 (2.7) | ||
| Presence of transfusion (%) | 1,084 (74.2) | 8,464 (73.8) | 0.722 | |
| Anesthesia | < 0.001 | |||
| General | 244 (16.7) | 2,802 (24.4) | ||
| Spinal | 1,186 (81.2) | 7,970 (69.5) | ||
| Unknown | 30 (2.1) | 695 (6.1) | ||
| Hospital beds | < 0.001 | |||
| < 200 | 136 (9.3) | 2,695 (23.5) | ||
| 200–499 | 191 (13.1) | 2,120 (18.5) | ||
| 500–799 | 653 (44.7) | 3,902 (34) | ||
| ≥ 800 | 480 (32.9) | 2,750 (24) | ||
| Calendar year | < 0.001 | |||
| 2006–2007 | 462 (31.6) | 1,536 (13.4) | ||
| 2008–2009 | 343 (23.5) | 1,980 (17.3) | ||
| 2010–2011 | 281 (19.2) | 2,483 (21.7) | ||
| 2012–2013 | 229 (15.7) | 2,664 (23.2) | ||
| 2014–2015 | 145 (9.9) | 2,804 (24.5) | ||
| Past medication history | < 0.001 | |||
| Opioid non-user | 859 (58.8) | 4,684 (40.8) | ||
| Potent opioids past user | 149 (10.2) | 1,284 (11.2) | ||
| Tramadol past user | 452 (31) | 5,499 (48) | ||
| Antidepressant | 428 (29.3) | 4,189 (36.5) | < 0.001 | |
| Benzodiazepine | 922 (63.2) | 8,059 (70.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Anti-diabetic agent | 315 (21.6) | 3,163 (27.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Anti-hypertensive agent | 956 (65.5) | 8,622 (75.2) | < 0.001 | |
| NSAIDs | 1,205 (82.5) | 10,009 (87.3) | < 0.001 | |
| COX-2 inhibitor | 165 (11.3) | 2,222 (19.4) | < 0.001 | |
| Steroid | 872 (59.7) | 8,043 (70.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Antiplatelet agent | 614 (42.1) | 5,822 (50.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Recent medication history | ||||
| Antidepressant | 230 (15.8) | 2,269 (19.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Benzodiazepine | 512 (35.1) | 4,728 (41.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Anti-diabetic agent | 307 (21) | 3,077 (26.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Anti-hypertensive agent | 857 (58.7) | 7,997 (69.7) | < 0.001 | |
| NSAIDs | 1,344 (92.1) | 9,873 (86.1) | < 0.001 | |
| COX-2 inhibitors | 202 (13.8) | 2,792 (24.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Steroids | 420 (28.8) | 3,886 (33.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Antiplatelet agents | 416 (28.5) | 4,103 (35.8) | < 0.001 | |
| Cumulative mortality rate | ||||
| 30-days | 22 (1.5) | 196 (1.7) | 0.572 | |
| 60-days | 50 (3.4) | 348 (3) | 0.417 | |
| 90-days | 65 (4.5) | 463 (4) | 0.451 | |
| 180-days | 117 (8) | 779 (6.8) | 0.084 | |
| 1-year | 184 (12.6) | 1,376 (12) | 0.505 | |
Values are presented as number (%).
NSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.