Table 3.

Association of total infection rate of COVID-19/1000 people and total mortality rate of COVID-19/1000 confirmed cases with respiratory vaccinations, age at vaccination, and vaccine years in the world between 1980 and 2018

Controlling factors	Dependent variable
	Total infection rate/1000 people		Total mortality rate/1000 confirmed cases
Respiratory vaccine coverage (n = 186)	P-Value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)
Economic characteristics	<0.001		<0.001
Low-income economies
Lower middle-income economies		2.73 (2.75-2.70)		3.31 (3.46-3.16)
Upper middle-income economies		11.83 (11.84-11.70)		20.28 (21.42-19.20)
High-income economies
				185.08 (196.14-174.62)
		57.21 (57.67-56.32)
Health system	0.481		0.161
Mandatory individual account system
Social assistance system
Social insurance		3.80 (3.82-3.77)		1.34 (1.35-1.34)
Social insurance and social assistance system		3.41 (3.44-3.36)		5.58 (5.94-5.25)
		13.46 (13.62-13.30)		33.00 (35.19-30.91)
Universal, social insurance, and social assistance system		10.34 (10.45-10.27)		23.40 (24.68-21.97)
BCG coverage	0.681		0.030
With universal coverage vaccine
Without universal coverage vaccine		426.528 (447.221-407.665)		286.837 (284.398-289.317)
MCV2 coverage	0.216		0.271
With universal coverage vaccine
Without universal coverage vaccine		7.602 (7.596-7.608)		108.994 (108.627-109.364)
PCV coverage	0.657		0.485
With universal coverage vaccine
Without universal coverage vaccine		7.319 (7.307-7.331)		90.609 (90.080- 91.143)
Male population	0.877		0.230
Female population	0.897	NA	0.231	NA

Note: Multivariate analysis model was performed for statistical analyses.

The bold numbers shows the significant difference.

Vaccine years: The number of years that the vaccine was applied since it commencement.

The first row was considered the reference in calculating the HR and 95% CI.

Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.