Table 3.

Pre-Post Differences in Patient-Reported Outcomes

Measure	Possible Range	Observed Range	Pretraining: Mean ± SD	Posttraining: Mean ± SD	Effect Size (Cohen da)	t [df]	P Value
CARE total	10-50	40-50	49.3 ± 2.0	49.6 ± 1.6	0.17	0.88 [85]	.384
At ease	1-5	3-5	5.0 ± 0.3	5.0 ± 0.2	0.10	0.68 [144]	.500
Tell story	1-5	3-5	5.0 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 0.3	–0.10	–0.60 [136]	.547
Listening	1-5	3-5	4.9 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.3	–0.01	–0.05 [144]	.963
Interested	1-5	3-5	4.9 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.3	0.09	0.56 [141]	.576
Understanding	1-5	3-5	4.9 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.3	0.21	1.38 [138]	.170
Compassion	1-5	3-5	4.9 ± 0.4	5.0 ± 0.2	0.18	1.21 [143]	.230
Positive	1-5	3-5	5.0 ± 0.3	5.0 ± 0.2	–0.01	–0.03 [143]	.979
Explaining	1-5	3-5	4.9 ± 0.4	5.0 ± 0.3	0.20	1.31 [141]	.194
Take control	1-5	3-5	4.9 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.3	0.14	0.80 [101]	.425
Plan of action	1-5	2-5	4.9 ± 0.5	4.9 ± 0.3	0.12	0.20 [97]	.843
CAHPS total	6-24	16-24	23.5 ± 1.4	23.9 ± 0.4	0.35	2.15 [121]	.034
Explain	1-4	2-4	3.9 ± 0.4	4.0 ± 0.2	0.37	2.42 [142]	.017
Listen	1-4	3-4	3.9 ± 0.3	4.0 ± 0.2	0.25	1.69 [142]	.093
Understand	1-4	2-4	3.9 ± 0.3	4.0 ± 0.2	0.24	1.49 [128]	.138
Know information	1-4	2-4	3.9 ± 0.4	4.0 ± 0.2	0.34	2.17 [130]	.032
Show respect	1-4	3-4	4.0 ± 0.2	4.0 ± 0.2	0.12	0.80 [143]	.426
Spend time	1-4	2-4	3.9 ± 0.3	4.0 ± 0.2	0.23	1.53 [142]	.129
LCSI total		25-112	51.6 ± 17.1	49.6 ± 16.7	–0.12	–0.78 [144]	.434
LCSI internalized stigma		9-45	24.3 ± 10.5	24.2 ± 11.3	–0.01	–0.04 [133]	.971
LCSI perceived stigma		10-51	16.8 ± 6.6	15.8 ± 5.1	–0.18	–0.98 [107]	.329
LCSI constrained disclosure		6-28	11.6 ± 5.2	10.5 ± 5.4	–0.21	–1.34 [128]	.183

CARE, CAHPS, and LCSI measures were tested for significant pre-post differences by using HLM models to allow for clinician effects. CARE and LCSI items have potential range of 1 to 5; range for CAHPS is 1 to 4. CAHPS = Consumer Assessment of Health Care Providers and Systems Program; CARE = Consultation and Relational Empathy; HLM = hierarchical linear models; LCSI = Lung Cancer Stigma Inventory.

^aCohen d: small (0.2), medium (0.5), large (0.8).