Table 3.
List of food associated with urolithiasis based on frequency of intake (n=30)
| Types of food | Number of respondents taken (n=30) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Daily | Weekly | Monthly | |
| Bread/grains | |||
| White bread | 4 | 15 | 7 |
| Whole meal bread | 4 | 8 | 4 |
| Rice | |||
| Brown rice | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| White rice | 21 | 9 | - |
| Parboiled rice (e.g., Basmati) | 2 | - | 1 |
| Beef/beef products | |||
| Meat | - | 13 | 9 |
| Buffalo meat | - | 1 | 1 |
| Beef | - | 3 | 5 |
| Mutton | - | 1 | - |
| Chicken meat | 11 | 18 | - |
| Duck meat | - | 1 | - |
| Internal organs (e.g., heart, liver, spleen, kidney) | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Fish and seafood | |||
| Mackerel | 2 | 17 | 3 |
| Fish ball | 1 | 4 | 4 |
| Ikan parang | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| Sardine | 1 | 4 | 12 |
| Tuna | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Anchovies | 2 | 9 | 5 |
| Shells (e.g,. cockle, oyster, kupang) | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Squid | - | 10 | 9 |
| Crab | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| Prawn | 2 | 10 | 7 |
| Salted fish | 1 | 5 | 6 |
| Egg | |||
| Chicken egg | 5 | 17 | 5 |
| Duck egg | - | 1 | 3 |
| Quail egg | - | - | 5 |
| Nuts | |||
| Tempeh | - | 6 | 8 |
| Tau-hoo | - | 3 | 4 |
| Beans | - | 1 | 7 |
| Sunflower seeds | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Kacang kuda | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Fruits/juices | |||
| Lemon | 1 | 4 | 6 |
| Orange | 1 | 8 | 10 |
| Mango | 1 | 5 | 10 |
| Pineapple | 1 | 4 | 7 |
| Starfruit | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Pear | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Grapes | 2 | 4 | 9 |
| Watermelon | 2 | 6 | 11 |
| Apple | 3 | 6 | 12 |
| Longan | 1 | - | 2 |
| Durian | - | 2 | 5 |
| Banana | 1 | 10 | 8 |
| Vegetables | |||
| Cabbage | 7 | 9 | 3 |
| Tomato | 5 | 10 | 3 |
| Cucumber | 6 | 12 | 2 |
| Broccoli | 5 | 7 | 5 |
| Pumpkin | 2 | 5 | 5 |
| Spinach | 5 | 10 | 3 |
| Carrot | 6 | 8 | 4 |
| Cauliflower | 5 | 10 | 3 |
| Potato | 2 | 12 | 9 |
| Green peas | 1 | 4 | 4 |
| Mushroom | 2 | 6 | 6 |
| Salad/ulam | 4 | 11 | 5 |
| Sweet potato | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| Yam | 1 | - | 1 |
| Eggplant | 1 | 2 | 8 |
| Mustard leaves | 6 | 14 | 6 |
| Milk/dairy products | |||
| Fresh milk | 4 | 14 | 5 |
| Powdered milk | - | 3 | 2 |
| Cheese | 1 | 7 | 5 |
| Yogurt | - | 3 | 6 |
| Butter | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| Drinks | |||
| Plain water | 29 | 1 | - |
| Tea | 4 | 10 | 1 |
| Coffee | 7 | 9 | 3 |
| Coco drinks | 3 | 9 | 4 |
| Cola drinks | - | 1 | 8 |
| Cordial drinks | - | 5 | 6 |
| Others (seasoning) | |||
| Belacan | - | 5 | 2 |
| Budu | - | 1 | 5 |
| Kicap | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Chili/tomato sauce | 5 | 12 | 3 |
| Oyster sauce | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Seasoning powder / monosodium glutamate (MSG) | 3 | 5 | 3 |
| Food and drinks (for non-Muslim only) | |||
| Smoked pork | - | 1 | 2 |
| Grilled pork | - | 1 | 2 |
| Luncheon meat | - | - | - |
| Pork meat | - | - | - |
| Alcoholic drink | - | 2 | 1 |