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. 2021 Apr 14;10(2):2238. doi: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2238

Table 4.

Frequency and portion taken based on the list of foods (n=30).

Types of food Frequency taken, Mean (SD) Portion taken
Daily Weekly Monthly (in range)
Bread/grains
    White bread 0.23 1.07 0.57 0 to 10 pieces
(± 0.69) (±1.20) (±1.31)
    Whole meal bread 0.37 0.63 0.43 0 to 11 pieces
(±1.33) (±1.33) (±1.41)
Rice
    Brown rice 0.03 (±0.18) 0.03 (±0.18) - 0 to 1 cup
    White rice 1.33 (±1.03) 1.57 (±3.21) - 0 to 11 cups
    Parboiled rice (e.g. Basmati) 0.10 (±0.40) - 0.03 (±1.83) 0 to 2 cups
Beef/beef products
    Meat - 0.73 (±0.98) 0.47 (±0.86) 0 to 5 matchbox size
    Buffalo meat - 0.03 (±0.18) 0.03 (±0.18) 0 to 1 matchbox size
    Beef - 0.30 (±1.15) 0.23 (±0.57) 0 to 1 matchbox size
    Mutton - 0.07 (±0.37) - 0 to 1 matchbox size
    Chicken meat 0.70 (±1.21) 2.27 (±2.35) - 0 to 3 pieces
    Duck meat - 0.07 (±0.37) - 0 to 1 piece
    Internal organs (e.g. heart, liver, spleen, kidney) 0.03 0.03 0.47 0 to 3 matchbox size
     (±0.18) (±0.18) (±0.86)
Fish and seafood
    Mackerel 0.10 1.30 0.30 0 to 2 wholes
     (±0.40) (±1.42) (±0.95)
    Fish ball 0.03 0.20 0.27 0 to 3 pieces
     (±0.18) (±0.55) (±0.79)
    Ikan parang 0.03 0.13 0.07 0 to 1 whole
     (±0.18) (±0.43) (±0.25)
    Sardine 0.03 0.17 0.53 0 to 2 wholes
     (±0.18) (±0.46) (±0.86)
    Tuna 0.03 0.07 0.07 0 to 1 tablespoon
     (±0.18) (±0.37) (±0.25)
    Anchovies 0.07 0.63 0.37 0 to 2 tablespoons
     (±0.25) (±1.10) (±1.07)
    Shells (e.g. cockle, oyster, kupang) 0.07 0.03 0.20 0 to 1 tablespoon
     (±0.37) (±0.18) (±0.48)
    Squid - 0.40 (±0.62) 0.33 (±0.55) 0 to 5 wholes
    Crab - 0.10 (±0.40) 0.30 (±0.60) 0 to 2 wholes
    Prawn 0.10 0.53 0.30 0 to 5 wholes
     (±0.40) (±0.97) (±0.65)
    Salted fish 0.07 0.23 0.30 0 to 3 wholes
     (±0.37) (±0.57) (±0.70)
Egg
    Chicken egg 0.37 1.70 1.33 0 to 2 wholes
     (±1.07) (±1.78) (±5.18)
    Duck egg - 0.10 (±0.55) 0.13 (±0.43) 0 to 1 whole
    Quail egg - - 0.23 (±0.57) 0 to 2 wholes
    Nuts
    Tempeh - 0.33 (±0.76) 0.40 (±0.72) 0 to 2 slices
    Tau-hoo - 0.17 (±0.53) 0.17 (±0.46) 0 to 2 slices
    Beans - 0.03 (±0.18) 0.40 (±0.86) 1 to 10 tablespoons
    Sunflower seeds 0.07 0.13 0.10 0 to 1 tablespoon
     (±0.37) (±0.51) (±0.31)
    Kacang kuda 0.07 0.03 0.03 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.37) (±0.18) (±0.18)
Fruits/juices
    Lemon 0.03 0.33 0.90 0 to 1 slice
     (±0.18) (±0.92) (±2.85)
    Orange 0.03 0.03 0.60 1 to 3 wholes
     (±0.18) (±0.18) (±1.07)
    Mango 0.03 0.27 0.50 0 to 3 wholes
     (±0.18) (±0.69) (±0.82)
    Pineapple 0.03 0.27 0.30 0 to 3 slices
     (±0.18) (±0.79) (±0.65)
    Starfruit 0.03 0.10 0.03 1 to 3 wholes
     (±0.18) (±0.55) (±0.18)
    Pear 0.03 0.20 0.13 0 to 3 wholes
     (±0.18) (±0.76) (±0.43)
    Grapes 0.10 0.23 0.43 0 to 10 wholes
     (±0.40) (±0.68) (±0.77)
    Watermelon 0.07 0.40 0.93 1 to 3 slices
     (±0.25) (±0.86) (±1.51)
    Apple 0.13 0.37 0.60 1 to 2 wholes
     (±0.43) (±0.89) (±0.86)
    Longan 0.03 (±0.18) - 0.10 (±0.40) 0 to 1 whole
    Durian - 0.10 (±0.40) 0.20 (±0.48) 0 to 3 pieces
    Banana 0.03 0.77 0.80 0 to 2 wholes
     (±0.18) (±1.17) (±2.04)
Vegetables
    Cabbage 0.33 0.73 0.63 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.71) (±1.23) (±2.76)
    Tomato 0.30 0.70 0.17 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.79) (±1.12) (±0.53)
    Cucumber 0.37 0.93 0.80 0 to 5 tablespoons
     (±0.93) (±1.44) (±3.70)
    Broccoli 0.23 0.37 0.87 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.63) (±0.72) (±3.67)
    Pumpkin 0.13 0.33 0.27 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.57) (±0.84) (±0.64)
    Spinach 0.40 0.53 0.20 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±1.10) (±0.86) (±0.76)
    Carrot 0.30 0.50 1.00 0 to 4 tablespoons
     (±0.70) (±0.97) (±3.74)
    Cauliflower 0.23 0.70 0.77 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±6.27) (±1.12) (±3.66)
    Potato 0.07 0.70 0.83 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.25) (±1.06) (±1.53)
    Green peas 0.03 0.23 0.17 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.18) (±0.63) (±0.46)
    Mushroom 0.07 0.37 0.33 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.25) (±0.81) (±0.76)
    Salad/Warn 0.13 0.77 1.10 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.35) (±1.17) (±3.75)
    Sweet potato 0.03 0.17 0.27 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.18) (±0.53) (±0.69)
    Yam 0.03 (±0.18) - 0.07 (±0.37) 0 to 3 tablespoons
    Eggplant 0.07 0.07 0.43 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.37) (±0.25) (±0.77)
    Mustard leaves 0.27 1.20 0.70 0 to 3 tablespoons
     (±0.64) (±1.67) (±1.78)
    
Milk/dairy products
    Fresh milk 0.13 1.10 0.63 0 to 2 cups
     (±0.35) (±1.63) (±1.73)
    Powdered milk - 0.30 (±1.06) 0.17 (±0.65) 0 to 3 tablespoons
    Cheese 0.03 0.43 0.27 0 to 6 slices
     (±0.18) (±0.90) (±0.64)
    Yogurt - 0.23 (±0.77) 0.30 (±0.70) 0 to 1 cup
    Butter 0.13 0.23 0.30 0 to 1 tablespoon
     (±0.43) (±0.68) (±1.06)
Drinks
    Plain water 5.90 (±2.55) 0.17 (±0.91) - 0 to 8 cups
    Tea 0.13 0.77 0.07 0 to 2 cups
     (±0.35) (±1.28) (±0.37)
    Coffee 0.37 0.73 0.20 0 to 2 cups
     (±0.96) (±1.44) (±0.66)
    Coco drinks 0.10 0.83 0.23 0 to 3 cups
     (±0.31) (±1.46) (±0.68)
    Cola drinks - 0.07 (±0.37) 0.43 (±0.94) 0 to 1 cup
    Cordial drinks - 0.27 (±0.69) 0.43 (±1.17) 0 to 1 cup
Others
    Belacan - 0.47 (±1.07) 0.10 (±0.40) 0 to 1 teaspoon
    Budu - 0.10 (±0.55) 0.17 (±0.38) 0 to 2 teaspoons
    Kicap 0.17 0.03 0.13 0 to 2 teaspoons
     (±0.46) (±0.18) (±0.73)
    Chilli/tomato sauce 0.23 1.33 0.70 0 to 3 teaspoons
     (±0.57) (±1.79) (±2.34)
    Oyster sauce 0.20 0.47 0.57 0 to 1 teaspoon
     (±0.55) (±1.25) (±1.65)
    Seasoning powder / monosodium glutamate (MSG) 0.20 0.57 1.37 0 to 3 teaspoons
     (±0.66) (±1.36) (±5.74)
Food and drinks (for non-Muslim only)
    Smoked pork - 0.03 (±0.18) 0.07 (±0.25) 0 to 1 slice
    Grilled pork - 0.03 (±0.18) 0.07 (±0.25) 0 to 1 matchbox
    Luncheon meat - - - None
    Pork meat - - - None
    Alcoholic drink - 0.07 (±0.25) 0.03 (±0.18) 0 to 1 cup