Table 1. Baseline Demographic Characteristics and Outcomes Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke.
| Characteristic | Patientsa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 165 912)b | Non–COVID-19 (n = 111 418)c | P valued | COVID-19 (n = 5517)e | P valuef | |
| Age category, y | |||||
| <18 | 752 (0.5) | 456 (0.4) | <.001 | 13 (0.2) | <.001 |
| 18-50 | 18 163 (10.9) | 12 692 (11.4) | 635 (11.5) | ||
| 51-64 | 42 268 (25.5) | 29 373 (26.4) | 1531 (27.8) | ||
| 65-74 | 41 344 (24.9) | 28 417 (25.5) | 1517 (27.5) | ||
| 75-79 | 19 681 (11.9) | 13 081 (11.7) | 648 (11.7) | ||
| ≥80 | 43 704 (26.3) | 27 399 (24.6) | 1173 (21.3) | ||
| Age ≥75 y | 63 385 (38.2) | 40 480 (36.3) | <.001 | 1821 (33.0) | <.001 |
| Male | 84 186 (50.7) | 57 849 (51.9) | <.001 | 3198 (58.0) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicityg | |||||
| White | 105 168 (63.4) | 69 969 (62.8) | .02 | 2343 (42.5) | <.001 |
| Black | 35 477 (21.4) | 24 216 (21.7) | 1517 (27.5) | ||
| Hispanic | 11 674 (7.0) | 7850 (7.0) | 882 (16.0) | ||
| Asian | 4106 (2.5) | 2844 (2.6) | 195 (3.5) | ||
| Other or unknown | 9487 (5.7) | 6539 (5.9) | 580 (10.5) | ||
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-5) | <.001 | 4 (3-6) | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 3.4 (2.0) | 3.6 (2.0) | <.001 | 4.3 (2.2) | <.001 |
| NIHSS scoreh | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 5 (2-11) | 4 (2-11) | .001 | 9 (3-16) | <.001 |
| Mean (SD) | 7.6 (7.9) | 7.5 (7.9) | .04 | 11.6 (9.6) | <.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Congestive heart failure | 38 578 (23.3) | 26 243 (23.6) | .07 | 1460 (26.5) | <.001 |
| Obesity | 26 906 (16.2) | 20 477 (18.4) | <.001 | 1349 (24.5) | <.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 44 865 (27.0) | 29 509 (26.5) | .001 | 1595 (28.9) | .002 |
| Hypertension | 121 184 (73.0) | 81 466 (73.1) | .66 | 3765 (68.2) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 66 104 (39.8) | 45 110 (40.5) | .001 | 2925 (53.0) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 101 578 (61.2) | 70 368 (63.2) | <.001 | 3121 (56.6) | <.001 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 13 345 (8.0) | 10 230 (9.2) | <.001 | 874 (15.8) | <.001 |
| Smoking | 26 472 (16.0) | 19 191 (17.2) | .009 | 353 (6.4) | <.001 |
| Complications | |||||
| Intubation | 18 698 (11.3) | 13 714 (12.3) | <.001 | 2077 (37. 6) | <.001 |
| PCI | 747 (0.5) | 454 (0.4) | .09 | 21 (0.4) | .45 |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage | 10 171 (6.1) | 7691 (6.9) | <.001 | 475 (8.6) | <.001 |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 3118 (1.9) | 2452 (2.2) | .17 | 137 (2.5) | .001 |
| Acute kidney failure | 32 807 (19.8) | 24 555 (22.0) | <.001 | 2538 (46.0) | <.001 |
| Pulmonary embolus | 3132 (1.9) | 2636 (2.4) | <.001 | 376 (6.8) | <.001 |
| Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis | 292 (0.2) | 254 (0.2) | .002 | 23 (0.4) | <.001 |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 519 (0.3) | 380 (0.3) | .20 | 24 (0.4) | .11 |
| Interfacility transfer | 42 161 (25.4) | 27 508 (24.7) | <.001 | 1687 (30.6) | <.001 |
| Presented to emergency department | 133 532 (80.5) | 90 248 (81.0) | <.001 | 4160 (75.4) | <.001 |
| Length of hospital stay, mean (SD), d | 7.3 (11.9) | 7.3 (12.1) | .91 | 16.2 (20.6) | <.001 |
| Length of ICU stay, mean (SD), di | 5.5 (9.5) | 5.5 (9.0) | .86 | 13.4 (15.6) | <.001 |
| Receipt of intervention | |||||
| EVT | 10 601 (6.4) | 7684 (6.9) | <.001 | 290 (5.3) | .001 |
| IV alteplase | 11 847 (7.1) | 7675 (6.9) | .049 | 280 (5.1) | <.001 |
| Outcome | |||||
| Favorable discharge | 109 258 (65. 9) | 76 871 (69.0) | <.001 | 2115 (38.3) | <.001 |
| In-hospital death | 10 636 (6.4) | 7544 (6.8) | <.001 | 1540 (27.9) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: EVT, endovascular thrombectomy; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; IS, ischemic stroke; IV, intravenous; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated.
The control group comprised patients with IS who were discharged in 2019.
The non–COVID-19 group comprised patients with IS who did not have COVID-19 and were discharged between April and December 2020.
P values for non–COVID-19 group vs control group. P values were calculated using a χ2 test for binary variables, a Wilcoxon rank sum test for ordinal variables, and a t test for interval variables.
The COVID-19 group comprised patients with IS who had COVID-19 and were discharged between April and December 2020.
P values for COVID-19 group vs control group. P values were calculated using a χ2 test for binary variables, a Wilcoxon rank sum test for ordinal variables, and a t test for interval variables.
All racial categories are non-Hispanic. Races and ethnicities included in the other category were not available in the data set.
A total of 186 243 patients had an NIHSS score available (score ranges from 0 to 42, with higher scores indicating greater functional impairment).
Length of ICU stay restricted to patients who spent more than 24 hours in the ICU.