Table 2.
Study characteristics, summary of findings and risk of bias by indicator condition.
| Tuberculosis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-text articles | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%)** | Positivity ratio (%)** | Risk of bias score* |
| Anderson (2013) [33] | Retrospective cohort study in UK TB clinics – before cohort implementation | July 2009 - June 2010 | All TB cases of all ages from 5 London clinics were included | Patients notified as having TB disease | Uptake of HIV testing | Before: 510/557 (91·6%) | NA | 7/10 |
| Retrospective cohort study in UK TB clinics – after cohort implementation | July 2010 - December 2011 | After: 687/752 (91·4%) | ||||||
| Augusti (2016) [19] | Cross-sectional cohort in primary care, Spain | January 2010 - August 2012 | Patients aged 16–65 years were included; known HIV positive patients excluded | Using either their ICD-10 codes or a positive laboratory result | HIV test within 4 months of diagnosis date | Men: 112/1287 (8·7%) | Men: 0/112 (0%) | 9/10 |
| Women: 63/840 (7·5%) | Women: 1/63 (1·6%) | |||||||
| Basham (2018) [28] | Audit of a Canadian provincial tuberculosis program | 2008 - 2010 | All active TB cases of all ages in the TB registry | Active TB | HIV test recorded in TB registry database | 250/428 (58·4%) | 12/250 (4·8%) | 9/10 |
| Basham (2019) [39] | Audit of First Nations tuberculosis program in Canada | 2008 - 2012 | First Nations of all ages recorded in the TB registry | Recorded TB in registry | HIV test recorded in TB registry database | 95/149 (63·8%) | NA | 8/10 |
| Clark (2013) [40] | Retrospective cohort to assess HIV testing in TB surveillance database in US | 2008 - 2010 | Living patients with TB of all ages | Reported TB cases surviving with TB | Known (positive or negative) or unknown (refused testing/not offered testing) HIV status | 208/273 (76·2%) | 12/208 (5·8%) | 7/10 |
| Clerk (2013) [41] | Cross-sectional study on HIV testing in TB patients in the UK | NA | TB cases of all ages were included | Confirmed active TB cases | NA | 27/31 (87·1%) | NA | 6/10 |
| Gardner (2012) [42] | Retrospective cohort after implementation of opt-out HIV testing in US TB clinic | June 2010 - June 2011 | Excluded: Patients <14 years, known HIV positive, no chart available, diagnosed prior to study period | New TB cases presenting at the clinic | Tested for HIV in the clinic after presentation | 458/939 (48·8%) | 1/458 (0·2%) | 9/10 |
| Gupta (2011) [35] | First audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | First audit: August 2008 - July 2009 | Patients of all ages testing positive for TB | Patients tested positive for tuberculosis | HIV testing was double checked using the electronic pathology records system and a separate database of HIV testing | First audit: 19/25 (76·0%) | NA | 7/10 |
| Re-audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | Re-audit: August 2009 - June 2010 | Re-audit: 12/29 (41·4%) | ||||||
| Long (2014) [29] | Retrospective cohort of tuberculosis patients in Canada | 2003–2012 | Patients of all ages in the TB registry | Persons meeting the Canadian case definition for TB | Already known or newly diagnosed with HIV | 1317/1453 (90·6%) | 74/1317 (5·6%) | 8/10 |
| Post (2015) [43] | Retrospective cohort among patients with tuberculosis in Australia | 2009 | Patients of all ages with TB | Microbiologically confirmed TB and patients that were treated for TB without microbiological confirmation | HIV status was categorised as known or unknown (not tested or declined testing) | 2009: 56/80 (70·0%) | 2009: 3/56 (5·4%) | 6/10 |
| 2010 | 2010: 79/100 (79·0%) | 2010: 5/79 (6·3%) | ||||||
| 2011 | 2011: 72/98 (73·5%) | 2011: 4/72 (5·6%) | ||||||
| 2012 | 2012: 56/73 (76·7%) | 2012: 1/56 (1·8%) | ||||||
| 2013 | 2013: 61/70 (87·1%) | 2013: 3/61 (4·9%) | ||||||
| Raben (2015) [9] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in ICs in Europe | May 2013 | Patients in participating centres, >18 and <65 years of age, not known HIV positive, presenting within the previous year/last 100+ patients | Patients with tuberculosis | Participating centres reviewed retrospectively how many patients presenting with the IC were tested for HIV | 1041/1401 (74·3%) | 46/1041 (4·4%) | 2/10 |
| Ribeiro (2018) [44] | Retrospective cohort study on HIV screening of TB patients in Portugal | 2008 - 2014 | Notified TB cases of all ages in the Portuguese Tuberculosis Surveillance System | Notified TB | NA | Men: 10,629/12,115 (87·7%) | Men: NA | 7/10 |
| Women: 5414/6330 (85·5%) | Women: NA | |||||||
| Rivest (2014) [45] | Retrospective cohort on HIV-TB co-infection and predictors of HIV screening among incident TB cases in Canada | 2004 - 2009 | Incident TB cases of all ages reported to the TB reporting database | Cases confirmed by culture or diagnosed on the basis of clinical and radiological signs | HIV testing done from one month before to six months after date of TB diagnosis | Men: 226/422 (53·6%) | Men: 26/226 (11·5%) | 8/10 |
| Women: 169/356 (47·5%) | Women: 7/169 (4·1%) | |||||||
| Roy (2013) [36] | Cluster randomised controlled trial on the impact of implementing universal HIV testing in TB patients in the UK | September 2009 - March 2010 | Patients of all ages in centres using a selective HIV testing policy, not known HIV infected. | All patients seen and diagnosed with TB in participating centres | The date the HIV test was conducted was recorded and these patients were classified as having ‘‘accepted’’ the test | Women (selective testing): 269/417 (64·5%) | NA | 7/10 |
| Men (selective testing): 376/544 (69·1%) | ||||||||
| Patients of all ages in centres using a universal HIV testing policy, not known HIV infected. | Women (universal testing): 111/149 (74·5%%) | |||||||
| Men (universal testing): 152/198 (76·8%) | ||||||||
| Sewell (2014) [46] | Retrospective cohort in a UK TB clinic | January 2009 - July 2012 | TB patients of all ages at a TB medical outpatient service | Clinical or laboratory TB diagnosis | Tested < 3 months of attending the clinic or starting TB treatment | 389/410 (94·9%) | 27/389 (6·9%) | 9/10 |
| William (2011) [47] | Audit on HIV testing in TB patients after HIV testing guideline implementation in the UK | April 2008 - March 2009 | Patients <18 years, private patients, on chemoprophylaxis, non TB mycobacteria were excluded. | TB patients in the database | HIV testing in the six months prior to and following TB notification | Men: 101 / 214 (47·2%) | NA | 9/10 |
| Women: 76 / 193 (39·4%) | ||||||||
| Other publication types*** | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | |
| Aguayo (2010) [48] | Retrospective study on Extrapulmonary TB in Spain | NA | NA | Extrapulmonary tuberculosis | NA | 11/20 (55·0%) | NA | |
| Hubbard (2020) [49] | Retrospective study on HBV and HCV prevalence in TB in a US hospital | September 2016 - May 2019 | Adult cases of active or latent TB | positive QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test | Tested for HIV | 375/453 (82·8%) | 22/375 (5·9%) | |
| Patel (2019) [50] | Retrospective study on mortality risk factors and delays in TB mortality cases in New Mexico, US | 2007 - 2017 | NA | TB mortality cases | Offered HIV testing | 48/83 (57·8%) | NA | |
| Perch (2013) [51] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in TB in Denmark | 2009 (Total study included 2007–2009) | Notified TB of all ages cases were included | All cases of notified tuberculosis in database | NA | 204/324 (63·0%) | 8/204 (3·9%) | |
| Phillips (2010) [52] | Audit of IC-guided testing in UK hospital | October 2008 - November 2009 | Patients of all ages with tuberculosis | Confirmed mycobacterium tuberculosis | HIV tested within the audit period | 1/11 (9·1%) | NA | |
| Potter (2014) [53] | Audit on HBV, HCV and HIV infection among new TB cases in UK | 2013 | Patients of all ages with active TB | Active tuberculosis | HIV screened | 447/472 (94·7%) | 15/447 (3·4%) | |
| Qasim (2012) [54] | Audit on diagnosis and management of TB patients in the UK | January 2009 - December 2010 | Patients with a positive Acid-Fast Bacillus test | A positive Acid-Fast Bacillus test | NA | 21/21 (100%) | NA | |
| Reina (2015) [55] | Cross sectional study on unknown HIV status in TB patients in Portugal | 2006 - 2012 | TB cases reported | Registered tuberculosis cases | Known HIV status | 6804/7683 (88·8%) | NA | |
| Ricci (2010) [56] | Audit on HIV testing and coinfection in TB patients in Italy | 2004 - 2009 | Patients with tuberculosis | Culture-confirmed cases of tuberculosis | Tested for HIV at any time | 412/526 (78·3%) | 67/412 (16·3%) | |
| Stolagiewicz (2015) [57] | Audit to quantify the local prevalence of HIV in patients with TB in the UK | 2014 | Patients diagnosed with or treated for TB | Diagnosed or treated for tuberculosis | Tested for HIV | 114/114 (100%) | 3/114 (2·6%) | |
| Thorburn (2012) [58] | Audit on HIV testing in TB patients in the UK | 2010 (before implementation multidisciplinary TB meeting) | Confirmed TB cases in 2010 | Confirmed TB cases | HIV tested in the year before or after TB diagnosis | 2010: 141/234 (60·3%) | 2010: 7/141 (5·0%) | |
| 2011 (after implementation multidisciplinary TB meeting) | Confirmed TB cases in 2011 | 2011: 81/105 (77·1%) | 2011: 2/81 (2·5%) | |||||
| Vas (2012) [59] | Audit on HIV testing in TB patients in a UK hospital | 2009 | Patients attending the chest clinic with TB | NA | Patients offered and accepted an HIV test | 9/34 (26·5%) | NA | |
| Hepatitis B | ||||||||
| Full-text articles | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | Risk of bias score* |
| Augusti (2016) [19] | Cross-sectional cohort in primary care, Spain | January 2010 - August 2012 | Patients aged 16–65 years were included; known HIV positive patients excluded | Using either their ICD-10 codes or a positive laboratory result | HIV test within 4 months of diagnosis date | Men: 1792/6034 (29·7%) | Men: 27/1792 (1·5%) | 9/10 |
| Women: 1058/3712 (28·5%) | Women: 8/1058 (0·8%) | |||||||
| Gupta (2011) [35] | First audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | First audit: August 2008 - July 2009 | Patients of all ages testing positive for HBV | Patients with a positive hepatitis B surface antigen test | HIV testing was double checked using the electronic pathology records system and a separate database of HIV testing | First audit: 6/27 (22·2%) | First audit: NA | 7/10 |
| Re-audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | Re-audit: August 2009 - June 2010 | Re-audit: 10/44 (22·7%) | Re-audit: NA | |||||
| Hallager (2018) [31] | Retrospective cohort study on HIV coinfection among HBV and HCV patients in 18 hospitals in Denmark | January 2002 - July 2015 | Patients registered in the Danish hepatitis database of 16 years or older | Positive HBV surface antigen | HIV antibody/antigen tests performed before or within 6 months of database enrolment | 2287 / 3091 (74·0%) | 89/2287 (3·9%) | 9/10 |
| Other publication types*** | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | |
| Deshpande (2015) [60] | Retrospective study on HIV testing in patients on Tenofovir monotherapy in Australia | January 2014 - June 2014 | Patients with HBV on Tenofovir | Medical record or pathology confirmed chronic HBV infection | HIV test recorded before start of Tenofovir monotherapy | 72/157 (45·9%) | NA | |
| Ireland (2018) [61] | Retrospective cross-sectional study on HIV testing in HBV patients in the UK | 2010 - 2014 | Patients of 15 years or over with HBV. Patients with known HIV and diagnosed with HBV at antenatal services were excluded | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen positive | HIV tested on the same day or within 6 months following HBV diagnosis | 7315/16,086 (45·5%) | NA | |
| Lander (2014) [62] | Audit on HIV testing in HBV and HCV patients in a hepatitis clinic in the UK | September 2012 - August 2013 | HBV patients in the clinic | NA | Uptake of HIV testing in the clinic during the audit time period | 205/362 (56·6%) | NA | |
| Lynn (2014) [63] | Audit on HIV testing in HBV patients in the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) in the US | 1994 - 2010 | HBV patients in the REP cohort | NA | All HIV screening tests and their results | 273/607 (45·0%) | NA | |
| Pavlides (2011) [64] | Audit on HIV testing in HBV patients in the UK | October 2008 - September 2009 | HBV patients | HBV surface antigen positive | Whether these patients had an HIV test | 63/99 (63·6%) | 6/63 (9·5%) | |
| Perera (2011) [65] | Audit On HIV testing in HBV patients in the UK | NA | HBV patients in a teaching hospital | NA | HIV test performed | 53/88 (60·2%) | 4/53 (7·5%) | |
| Phillips (2010) [52] | Audit on HIV testing in indicator conditions in the UK | October 2008 - November 2009 | HBV patients at one hospital | Confirmed HBV infection | HIV tests taken within the same time period as inclusion | 2/32 (6·3%) | NA | |
| Su (2015) [66] | Audit on HBV treatment and care at an Asian health center in the US | 2012 | New patients presenting with chronic hepatitis B | NA | Offered HIV screening | 362/385 (94·0%) | NA | |
| Vas (2012) [59] | Audit on HIV testing in HBV patients in a hospital in the UK | 2009 | Patients attending the gastroenterology clinic with HBV | NA | Patients offered and accepted an HIV test | 2/25 (8·0%) | NA | |
| Hepatitis C | ||||||||
| Full-text articles | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | Risk of bias score* |
| Augusti (2016) [19] | Cross-sectional cohort in primary care, Spain | January 2010 - August 2012 | Patients aged 16–65 years were included; known HIV positive patients excluded | Using either their ICD-10 codes or a positive laboratory result | HIV test within 4 months of diagnosis date | Men: 1995/6333 (31·5%) | Men: 67/1995 (1·1%) | 9/10 |
| Women: 828/3493 (23·7%) | Women: 18/828 (2·2%) | |||||||
| Bolther (2014) [30] | Cross-sectional cohort at a university hospital and outpatient clinics in Denmark | 1996 - 2011 | HCV patients of all ages; Patients no longer registered at the clinic were excluded | Chronic HCV patients with HCV RNA positive test outcome | HIV screening performance within 180 days of the HCV diagnosis | 360/624 (57·7%) | NA | 9/10 |
| Gupta (2011) [35] | First audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | First audit: August 2008 - July 2009 | Patients of all ages testing positive for HCV | Patients with a positive hepatitis C antibody test | HIV testing was double checked using the electronic pathology records system and a separate database of HIV testing | First audit: 18/93 (19·4%) | First audit: NA | 7/10 |
| Re-audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | Re-audit: August 2009 - June 2010 | Re-audit: 5/72 (6·9%) | Re-audit: NA | |||||
| Hallager (2018) [31] | Retrospective cohort study on HIV coinfection among HBV and HCV patients in 18 hospitals in Denmark | January 2002 - July 2015 | Patients registered in the Danish hepatitis database of 16 years or older | HCV-RNA before or within 6 months after enrolment in the database | HIV antibody/antigen tests performed before or within 6 months of enrolment in the database | 4400/5305 (82·9%) | 281/4400 (6·4%) | 9/10 |
| King (2019) [67] | Intervention study among patients with an IC admitted to an acute General Medicine Unit in Australia | July 2017 - October 2017 | Patients recently HIV tested, known HIV positive and with an alternative explanation for the IC were excluded | Hepatitis C antibody positive | Pathology lab data | 5 / 11 (45·5%) | NA | 4/10 |
| Other publication types*** | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | |
| Cowan (2020) [68] | Retrospective review of testing and care of HCV mono- and HIV co-infected patients in a US emergency department | June 2018 - December 2019 | Patients aged 18 years or older with active HCV infection, triaged to the ED and able to provide consent for testing | HCV viral load positive | Known HIV status | 386/427 (90·4%) | 56/386 (14·5%) | |
| Fleischer (2018) [69] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in HCV patients in a US hospital | July 2015 - March 2017 | Patients with hepatitis C | HCV antibody positive | HIV antibody tested at any time | 252/445 (56·6%) | 6/252 (2·4%) | |
| Gilbert (2011) [70] | Audit to evaluate HIV testing in Canada | 2007 - 2009 | Patients diagnosed with HCV | NA | Tested for HIV within 3 months of diagnosis | 8183/15,981 (51·2%) | NA | |
| Ireland (2018) [61] | Retrospective cross-sectional study on HIV testing in HCV cases in the UK | 2010 - 2014 | Patients of 15 years or over with HCV. Patients with known HIV were excluded | HCV antibody positive | HIV tested on the same day or within 6 months following HCV diagnosis | 14,587/32,114 (45·4%) | NA | |
| Lander (2014) [62] | Audit on HIV testing in HBV and HCV patients in a hepatitis clinic in the UK | September 2012 - August 2013 | HCV patients in the clinic | NA | Uptake of HIV testing in the clinic during the audit time period | 40/72 (55·6%) | NA | |
| Lynn (2014) [63] | Audit on HIV testing in HCV patients in the Rochester Epidemiology Project in the US | 1994 - 2010 | HCV patients | NA | All HIV screening tests and their results | 553/965 (57·3%) | NA | |
| Oraka (2016) [71] | Retrospective cohort on prevalence of HIV testing among adults with HCV in the US | 1999 - 2014 | Patients with HCV aged 20–59 years | HCV RNA positive test result | Ever tested for HIV | 248/384 (64·6%) | NA | |
| Pavlides (2011) [64] | Audit on HIV testing in HCV patients in the UK | October 2008 - September 2009 | HCV patients | Positive hepatitis C antibody or PCR | Whether these patients had an HIV test | 51/102 (50·0%) | 6/51 (11·8%) | |
| Perera (2011) [65] | Audit on HIV testing in HCV patients in the UK | NA | HCV patients in a teaching hospital | NA | HIV test performed | 40/92 (43·5%) | 3/40 (7·5%) | |
| Phillips (2010) [52] | Audit on HIV testing in indicator conditions in the UK | October 2008 - November 2009 | HCV patients at one hospital | Confirmed HCV infection | HIV tests taken within the same time period as inclusion | 25/88 (28·4%) | NA | |
| Sterling (2017) [72] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in HCV patients in the PROP UP cohort in the US | NA | HCV patients on DAA therapy enrolled in the PROP UP study, not known HIV positive | NA | HIV tested at some point in their history or prior to initiating DAA therapy | 472/756 (62·4%) | NA | |
| Tunney (2018) [73] | Audit on management of HCV patients in the UK | March 2012 - March 2017 | HCV patients (acute, chronic or past resolved) at the clinic, not known HIV positive | NA | HIV status | 23/35 (65·7%) | NA | |
| Vas (2012) [59] | Audit on HIV testing in HCV patients in a hospital in the UK | 2009 | Patients attending the gastroenterology clinic with HCV | NA | Patients offered and accepted an HIV test | 1/29 (3·4%) | NA | |
| Hepatitis B or C | ||||||||
| Full-text articles | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | Risk of bias score* |
| Cayuelas Redondo (2019) [34] | Prospective interventional study on IC-guided HIV testing with an electronic prompt in primary healthcare in Spain | 2013 (pre intervention) | Patients aged 18–65, with no known HIV infection, with acute or chronic hepatitis B or C | NA | HIV infection | Pre intervention: 2/26 (7·7%) | NA | 8/10 |
| July 2014 - May 2015 (intervention) | During intervention: 5/17 (29·4%) | |||||||
| June 2015 - May 2016 (post intervention) | Post intervention: 1/21 (4·8%) | |||||||
| Raben (2015) [9] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in ICs in Europe | May 2013 | Patients in participating centres, >18 and <65 years of age, not known HIV positive, presenting within the previous year/last 100+ patients | Patients with hepatitis B or C | Participating centres reviewed retrospectively how many patients presenting with the IC were tested for HIV | 2325/2681 (86·7%) | 23/2325 (1·0%) | 2/10 |
| Other publication types*** | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | |
| Adlington (2014) [32] | An audit of HIV testing in acute medical patients with HIV clinical indicator conditions in the UK | January 2012 | Patients with hepatitis B or C | Hepatitis B or C, registered as ICD-10 code | Whether HIV test had been performed during admission | January 2012: 10/39 (25·6%) | NA | |
| January 2013 | January 2013: 7/41 (17·1%) | |||||||
| Cervical carcinoma or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ | ||||||||
| Full-text articles | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | Risk of bias score* |
| Alldredge (2020) [74] | Retrospective cohort study on HIV screening in women with newly diagnosed invasive cervical cancer in a large comprehensive US gynecologic oncology practice | January 2007 - December 2017 | Women >18 years with invasive cervical cancer were included; cervical dysplasia, non-cervical or recurrent cancer and presenting at another specialty were excluded | International Classification of Diseases codes 180.9 and C53.9 for invasive cervical cancer | HIV-1/2 antibody or 4th generation p24 antigen test undertaken within 12 months before diagnosis, or within 30 days of the encounter. | 38 / 492 (7·7%) | 0/38 (0%) | 9/10 |
| Augusti (2016) [19] | Cross-sectional cohort in primary care, Spain | January 2010 - August 2012 | Patients aged 16–65 years were included; known HIV positive patients excluded | Using either their ICD-10 codes or a positive laboratory result | HIV test within 4 months of diagnosis date | 15/615 (2·4%) | 0/15 (0%) | 9/10 |
| Gupta (2011) [35] | First audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | First audit: August 2008 - July 2009 | Patients of all age with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia | Patients of all ages with a positive pathology sample for CIN II or III | HIV testing was double checked using the electronic pathology records system and a separate database of HIV testing | First audit: 2/146 (1·4%) | NA | 7/10 |
| Re-audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | Re-audit: August 2009 - June 2010 | Re-audit: 4/340 (1·2%) | ||||||
| Hwang (2015) [75] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in patients with cancer at the initiation of therapy at a large US comprehensive cancer center | January 2004 - April 2011 | Patients treated at a large comprehensive cancer center. Patients on oral chemotherapy and enrolled in clinical trials were excluded | Patients with cervical cancer who received systemic cancer therapy | HIV-1/2 antibody test and/or confirmatory Western blot testing after registration at the center. | 23 / 245 (9·4%) | 0/23 (0%) | 10/10 |
| McGee-Avila (2020) [76] | Retrospective study on patterns of HIV testing and determinants of non-receipt of HIV testing among women with cervical cancer in the New Jersey Medicaid program, US | January 2012 - December 2014 | Patients with cervical cancer aged 21–64 years. Cases identified postmortem, non-New Jersey residence at diagnosis and with previous primary cancer or known HIV positive were excluded. | Primary, histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer | Tested at any point during the study period | 78/242 (32·2%) | NA | 10/10 |
| Tested 6 months before diagnosis to 6 months after diagnosis of cervical cancer | 33/242 (13·6%) | |||||||
| Raben (2015) [9] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in ICs in Europe | May 2013 | Patients in participating centres, >18 and <65 years of age, not known HIV positive, presenting within the previous year/last 100+ patients | Patients with cervical cancer | Participating centres reviewed retrospectively how many patients presenting with the IC were tested for HIV | 444/583 (76·2%) | 1/444 (0·2%) | 2/10 |
| Other publication types*** | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | |
| Butler (2014) [77] | Retrospective cohort study on HIV testing in patients with CIN 2+ in the UK | July 2012 - June 2013 | Patients with CIN2+ at colposcopy, not known to be HIV positive | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and above at colposcopy | The most recent HIV test at the service prior to their attendance for colposcopy (last 3 years) | 34/94 (36·2%) | NA | |
| Lebari (2012) [78] | Retrospective review of HIV testing in patients with AIDS defining malignancies in the UK | March 2007 - July 2011 | Patients referred or initially diagnosed with cervical cancer | NA | Tested for HIV | 1/64 (1·6%) | NA | |
| Mosimann (2014) [79] | Retrospective cohort study on HIV testing rates among patients treated for AIDS defining cancers and HL in Switzerland | January 2002 - July 2012 | Patients aged ≥ 18 years treated for invasive cervical cancer | Invasive cervical cancer | HIV tested within 90 days before and 90 days after the cancer diagnosis date | 6/57 (10·5%) | 0/6 (0%) | |
| Malignant lymphoma | ||||||||
| Full-text articles | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | Risk of bias score* |
| Augusti (2016) [19] | Cross-sectional cohort in primary care, Spain | January 2010 - August 2012 | Patients aged 16–65 years were included; known HIV positive patients excluded | Using either their ICD-10 codes or a positive laboratory result | HIV test within 4 months of diagnosis date | Patients with HL 0/86 (0%) | Patients with HL NA | 9/10 |
| Men with NHL 6/250 (2·4%) | Men with NHL 1/6 (16·7%) | |||||||
| Women with NHL 6/214 (2·8%) | Women with NHL 0/6 (0%) | |||||||
| Gupta (2011) [35] | First audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | First audit: August 2008 - July 2009 | Patients of all ages with lymphoma | Patients with a positive pathology sample for lymphoma | HIV testing was double checked using the electronic pathology records system and a separate database of HIV testing | First audit: 3/42 (7·1%) | NA | 7/10 |
| Re-audit of IC-guided testing in UK general hospital | Re-audit: August 2009 - June 2010 | Re-audit: 2/46 (4·3%) | ||||||
| Hwang (2015) [75] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in patients with cancer at the initiation of therapy at a large US comprehensive cancer center | January 2004 - April 2011 | Patients treated at a large comprehensive cancer center. Patients on oral chemotherapy and enrolled in clinical trials were excluded | Patients with NHL on systemic cancer therapy | HIV-1/2 antibody test and/or confirmatory Western blot testing after registration at the center. | NHL: 1439/1628 (88·4%) | NHL: 23/1439 (1·6%) | 10/10 |
| Patients with HL on systemic cancer therapy | HL: 322/356 (90·4%) | HL: 2/322 (0·6%) | ||||||
| Raben (2015) [9] | Retrospective cohort on HIV testing in ICs in Europe | May 2013 | Patients in participating centres, >18 and <65 years of age, not known HIV positive, presenting within the previous year/last 100+ patients | Patients with NHL | Participating centres reviewed retrospectively how many patients presenting with the IC were tested for HIV | 577/1274 (45·3%) | 21/577 (3·6%) | 2/10 |
| Other publication types*** | ||||||||
| Reference (year) | Design and setting | Included study period | Population and exclusion criteria | IC definition | HIV tested definition | HIV test ratio (%) | Positivity ratio (%) | |
| Bishin (2017) [80] | Longitudinal cohort study to assess treatment guidelines for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the US | 2005 - 2016 | All patients diagnosed and treated for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | HIV serology testing | 165/179 (92·2%) | NA | |
| Bowman (2010) [81] | Cohort study on HIV testing in lymphoma patients in the UK | 6 month pilot period (date not reported) | All lymphoma patients seen in the 6 month pilot period at the study site | NA | NA | 27/214 (12·6%) | 0/27 (0%) | |
| Buxton (2011) [82] | Cross-sectional study to assess treatment in lymphoma patients in the UK | 2009 | All patients newly diagnosed with lymphoma | New lymphoma diagnosis | NA | 91/281 (32·4%) | 3/91 (3·3%) | |
| Datta (2015) [83] | Audit on treatment in Primary Central Nervous System lymphoma patients in the UK | 2008 - 2013 | All patients with Primary Central Nervous System lymphoma, excluding metastatic disease | Biopsy-proven Primary Central Nervous System lymphoma | HIV status | 1/20 (5%) | NA | |
| Davies (2018) [84] | Audit on HIV testing in lymphoma patients in the UK | 2016 - 2017 | All patients newly diagnosed with lymphoma | New lymphoma diagnosis | Tested for HIV at first clinic/specialist review | 101/135 (74·8%) | 0/101 (0%) | |
| Lebari (2012) [78] | Retrospective review of HIV testing in patients with AIDS defining malignancies in the UK | March 2007 - July 2011 | Patients referred or initially diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | NA | Tested for HIV | 34/158 (21·5%) | NA | |
| Mosimann (2014) [79] | Retrospective cohort study on HIV testing rates among patients treated for AIDS defining cancers and HL in Switzerland | January 2002 - July 2012 | Patients aged ≥ 18 years treated for HL | Hodgkin's Lymphoma | HIV tested within 90 days before and 90 days after the cancer diagnosis date | HL: 79/133 (59·4%) | HL: 0/79 (0%) | |
| Patients aged ≥ 18 years treated for NHL | non-Hodgkin lymphoma | NHL: 392/653 (60·0%) | NHL: 4/392 (1·0%) | |||||
* Risk of bias was assessed for all included full-text references using an adapted version of the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for prevalence studies, and scored out of 10. A risk of bias score of ≥7/10 was considered low risk by the researchers.
** If articles reported data on HIV test ratio and positivity ratio by subgroup (e.g. sex, before and after intervention), then the data of that article are provided by subgroup here.
*** Including abstracts, short communications, and correspondence.
CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; DAA = direct-acting antivirals; ED = emergency department; HBV = hepatitis B virus; HCV = hepatitis C virus; HL = Hodgkin's lymphoma; IC = indicator condition; ICD-10 = 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems; NA = not reported/not applicable; NHL = Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; PCR = Polymerase chain reaction; REP = Rochester Epidemiology Project; RNA = ribonucleic acid; TB = tuberculosis.