Table 2.
Characteristics of studies included
| Study | Location | No. of participants | Event | No. of cases | Age (mean years unless otherwise indicated) | Percentage of women (%) | Follow-up years | Covariates | RR (95% CI) high vs low |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sakata, 2001 | Japan | 8,172 | fatal stroke | 174 | 30 | 56 | 14 | age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive agents, serum total cholesterol level, serum creatinine level, serum glucose level, smoking status, alcohol intake, and left ventricular hypertrophy. | Male: 1.71 (0.92–3.17), Female: 1.12 (0.46–2.74) |
| Jee, 2004 | Korean | 22,698 | stroke | 192 | 53.5 | 0 | 6.5 | age, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and smoking status. | 1.10 (0.71–1.72) |
| Chien, 2005 | China | 3,602 | stroke | 155 | 35 | 52.7 | 11 | age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes, low density cholesterol, high density cholesterol. | Male: 1.13 (0.88–1.46), Female: 1.32 (1.00–1.73) |
| Gerber, 2005 | Israel | 9,125 | fatal stroke | 292 | 40 | 0 | 23 | age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, serum cholesterol, smoking and left ventricular function. | 1.2 (0.81–1.78) |
| Bos, 2006 | The Netherlands | 4,385 | ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke | 381 | 69 | 64.6 | 8.4 | age and sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, ever smoking, diuretic use, and waist/hip ratio diabetes mellitus. | 1.50 (1.05–2.14) |
| Hozawa, 2006 | US | 13,413 | ischemic stroke | 267 | 53.9 | 57.3 | 12.6 | age, sex, race, education, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, anti-hypertensive medication, cigarette smoking status, ethanol intake, serum albumin, von Willebrand factor, body mass index, and low cholesterol. | 1.49 (1.00–2.23) |
| Baba, 2007 | Japan | 2,024 | stroke | 84 | 63 | 61.7 | 8 | — | 1.07 (0.53–2.16) |
| Strasak, 2008 | Austrian | 83,683 | fatal stroke | 645 | 41.6 | 0 | 13.6 | age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, smoking status. | 1.59 (1.23–2.04) |
| Strasak, 2008 | Austrian | 28,613 | fatal stroke | 776 | 62.3 | 100 | 15.2 | age, mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, gamma-glutamyltransferase glucose. | 1.37 (1.09–1.74) |
| Holme, 2009 | Sweden | 417,734 | fatal stroke | 162,76 | 57.5 | 47 | 11.8 | age, total cholesterol, triglyceride, hypertension. | Male: 1.26 (1.19–1.34), Female: 1.41 (1.31–1.53) |
| Storhaug, 2013 | Norway | 5,700 | ischemic stroke | 1,514 | 65 | 52.7 | 12 | age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol. use of diuretics and other antihypertensive medication. current smoking and physical activity renal factors added. | 1.24 (1.11–1.38) |
| Kamei, 2016 | Japan | 155,322 | stroke | 2,081 | 56.5 | 61 | 2 | age, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, glomerular filtration rate, and proteinuria. | Male: 1.26 (1.04–1.54), Female: 1.21 (1.00–1.48) |
| Zhang, 2016 | Japan | 36,313 | fatal stroke | 594 | 62 | 57 | 10 | body mass index, smoking status, ethanol intake, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol. | Male: 1.19 (0.84–1.68), Female: 1.46 (0.98–2.19) |
| Norvik, 2017 | Norway | 2,940 | stroke | 271 | 59.7 | 49.6 | 18 | sex, age, body mass index, mean systolic blood pressure, mean diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, haemoglobin A1c, current smoking, physical activity, and use of antihypertensive medication. | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) |
| Lazzeroni, 2017 | Italy | 1,440 | stroke | 32 | 67 | 29 | 2.9 | — | 1.1 (0.30–2.10) |
| Tscharre, 2018 | Austria | 1,215 | ischemic stroke | 39 | 62.9 | 33.6 | 5.5 | age, gender, Cardiogenic shock Glomerular filtration rate, C-reactive protein, per 1 mg/L increase Arterial hypertension hyperlipidaemia, peripheral artery disease prior stroke or tia, prior revascularisation heart failure beta blocker angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor diuretics, high-intensity statin, number of affected coronary vessels, use of drug eluting stent | 1.10 (0.49–2.06) |
| Grossman, 2019 | Israel | 8,822 | fatal stroke | 292 | 40 | 0 | 18 | age, baseline uric acid, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease. | 0.97 (0.71–1.34) |
| Tu, 2019 | China | 3,243 | stroke | 122 | 70.8 | 45 | 3 | age, gender, smoking and drinking habits, along with baseline body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and baseline Glomerular filtration rate, triglycerides, total cholesterol. | 2.32 (1.56–3.45) |
| Lim, 2020 | China | 3,202 | ischemic stroke | 64 | 68.8 | 16.9 | 5.4 | age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, renal function, statin and diuretics use. | 1.61 (0.84–3.09) |
| Ninad, 2020 | US | 1,854 | stroke | 903 | 45 | 49.4 | 4 | age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, aspirin, lipid-lowering medications, warfarin, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and high-density lipoprotein level. | 1.06 (0.78–1.45) |
| Li, 2020 | Japan | 13,420 | stroke | 1,018 | 59.5 | 61 | 23.1 | age, community, body mass index, cigarette smoking status, alcohol intake status, systolic blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive medication use, and in women, menopausal status total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, estimated glomerular filtration rate, diabetes mellitus, antihypertensive medication use, and in women, menopausal status. | 1.45 (1.07–1.96) |