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editorial

. 2021 May 21;27(19):2257–2269. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i19.2257

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Biomarkers in autoimmune pancreatitis and immunoglobulin G4-related disease. Left panel: Interferon-a (IFN-α) is produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is produced by pDCs and macrophages. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is produced by pDCs, monocytes, and basophils; Right panel: IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 are produced by T helper type 2 cells expressing GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3). IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) are produced by regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing forkhead box P3. IL-21 is produced by follicular helper T cells expressing B cell lymphoma 6. TGF-β is produced by Tregs and CD4⁺ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) expressing T-box-expressed-in-T-cells. IFN-γ is produced by CD4⁺CTLs. Plasma cells produce immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG4 Ab. These cytokines are possible biomarkers for autoimmune pancreatitis and IgG4-related disease. IgG: Immunoglobulin G; pDCs: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells; IFN: Interferon; IL: Interleukin; BAFF: B cell-activating factor; Th2: T helper type 2 cells; Tregs: Regulatory T cells; GATA3: GATA-binding protein 3; FOXP3: Forkhead box P3; Tfh: Follicular helper T; BCL6: B cell lymphoma 6; T-bet: T-box-expressed-in-T-cells; CTLs: CD4⁺ cytotoxic T cells.