Summary of findings 2. Dopamine antagonists compared to placebo for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section.
| Dopamine antagonists compared to placebo for preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section | ||||||
| Patient or population: women undergoing regional anaesthesia for caesarean section Setting: hospitals across low‐, middle‐ and high‐income countries Intervention: dopamine antagonists Comparison: placebo | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | № of participants (studies) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
| Risk with placebo | Risk with dopamine antagonists (B) | |||||
| Nausea ‐ intraoperative | Study population | RR 0.38 (0.27 to 0.52) | 1180 (15 RCTs) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ VERY LOW 1 2 | ||
| 444 per 1000 | 169 per 1000 (120 to 231) | |||||
| Vomiting ‐ intraoperative | Study population | RR 0.41 (0.28 to 0.60) | 942 (12 RCTs) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW 1 | ||
| 211 per 1000 | 87 per 1000 (59 to 127) | |||||
| Nausea ‐ postoperative | Study population | RR 0.61 (0.48 to 0.79) | 601 (7 RCTs) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ LOW 1 | ||
| 393 per 1000 | 240 per 1000 (189 to 311) | |||||
| Vomiting ‐ postoperative | Study population | RR 0.63 (0.44 to 0.92) | 860 (9 RCTs) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ VERY LOW 1 3 | ||
| 264 per 1000 | 167 per 1000 (116 to 243) | |||||
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; RR: Risk ratio. | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited; the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate; the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. | ||||||
1 Downgrade 2 for risk of bias: all the data come from studies with unclear risk of selection bias.
2 Downgrade 1 for inconsistency. Moderate to substantial heterogeneity, I2 = 54%, Chi2 P = 0.005
3 Downgrade 1 for publication bias: evidence of some publication bias in the funnel plot