Table 2.
Nutrition Knowledge (NK) of DIB Players and Coachesa
| Basket Ball Players Mean ± SD Or n (%) |
Coaches Mean ± SD Or n (%) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic and Sports NK Statement |
Total (n=178) | Men (n-126) |
Women (n=52) |
p-valueb | Total (n=11) |
| Macronutrients c | |||||
| Carbohydrates ( bread, potatoes..) are not as easily and rapidly digested as protein | 0.34 | ||||
| Incorrect | 64(36) | 42(33.3) | 22(42.3) | 5(45.5) | |
| Correct | 114(64) | 84(66.7) | 30(57.7) | 6(54.5) | |
| Carbohydrates ( bread, potatoes..) are not as easily and rapidly digested as fat | 0.06 | ||||
| Incorrect | 83(46.6) | 65(51.6) | 18(34.6) | 4(36.4) | |
| Correct | 95(53.4) | 61(48.4) | 34(65.4) | 7(63.6) | |
| Fiber in the diet may help to decrease constipation | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 86(48.3) | 71(56.3) | 15(28.8) | 5(45.5) | |
| Correct | 92(51.7) | 55(43.7) | 37(71.2) | 6(54.5) | |
| Fiber in the diet may help decrease blood cholesterol | 0.71 | ||||
| Incorrect | 80(44.9) | 55(43.7) | 25(48.1) | 6(54.5) | |
| Correct | 98(55.1) | 71(56.3) | 27(51.9) | 5(45.5) | |
| Fiber in the diet may help prevent cancers | 1.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 75(42.1) | 53(42.1) | 22(42.3) | 3(27.3) | |
| Correct | 103(57.9) | 73(57.9) | 30(57.7) | 8(72.7) | |
| Eggs are examples of protein sources other than meats | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 26(14.6) | 25(19.8) | 1(1.9) | 1(9.1) | |
| Correct | 152(85.4) | 101(80.2) | 51(98.1) | 10(90.9) | |
| Legumes (beans, lentils..) are examples of protein sources other than meats | 0.01 | ||||
| Incorrect | 53(29.8) | 30(23.8) | 23(44.2) | ||
| Correct | 125(70.2) | 96(76.2) | 29(55.8) | 11(100.0) | |
| Protein is the primary source of muscular energy for the athlete | 0.23 | ||||
| Incorrect | 145(81.5) | 106(84.1) | 39(75.0) | 8(72.7) | |
| Correct | 33(18.5) | 20(15.9) | 13(25.0) | 3(27.3) | |
| Protein is not stored in the body; therefore, it needs to be consumed everyday | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 60(33.7) | 27(21.4) | 33(63.5) | 6(54.5) | |
| Correct | 118(66.3) | 99(78.6) | 19(36.5) | 5(45.5) | |
| Increasing protein in the diet is necessary in order to increase muscle mass of the body | 0.01 | ||||
| Incorrect | 148(83.1) | 98(77.8) | 50(96.2) | 10(90.9) | |
| Correct | 30(16.9) | 28(22.2) | 2(3.8) | 1(9.1) | |
| Cheese is a good source of iron in the diet | 0.05 | ||||
| Incorrect | 107(60.1) | 82(65.1) | 25(48.1) | 6(54.5) | |
| Correct | 71(39.9) | 44(34.9) | 27(51.9) | 5(45.5) | |
| No more than 15% of calories in the diet should be provided by fat | 0.14 | ||||
| Incorrect | 142(80.2) | 97(77.0) | 45(88.2) | 9(81.8) | |
| Correct | 35(19.8) | 29(23.0) | 6(11.8) | 2(18.2) | |
| Micronutrients | |||||
| Iron-deficiency anemia (lack of iron) results in a decrease in the amount of oxygen that can be carried in the blood and therefore impairs athletic performance | 0.16 | ||||
| Incorrect | 63(35.4) | 40(31.7) | 23(44.2) | 3(27.3) | |
| Correct | 115(64.6) | 86(68.3) | 29(55.8) | 8(72.7) | |
| Vitamin supplementation is recommended for all physically active persons | 0.35 | ||||
| Incorrect | 141(79.2) | 97(77.0) | 44(84.6) | 8(72.7) | |
| Correct | 37(20.8) | 29(23.0) | 8(15.4) | 3(27.3) | |
| Excess vitamin supplementation may harm the physically active person | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 101(56.7) | 84(66.7) | 17(32.7) | 5(45.5) | |
| Correct | 77(43.3) | 42(33.3) | 35(67.3) | 6(54.5) | |
| Vitamins are a good source of energy | 0.64 | ||||
| Incorrect | 138(77.5) | 96(76.2) | 42(80.8) | 6(54.5) | |
| Correct | 40(22.5) | 30(23.8) | 10(19.2) | 5(45.5) | |
| Carrots are a good source of vitamin A | 0.72 | ||||
| Incorrect | 70(39.3) | 48(38.1) | 22(42.3) | 3(27.3) | |
| Correct | 108(60.7) | 78(61.9) | 30(57.7) | 8(72.7) | |
| Whole fat milk is a better source of vitamin D than fat free milk | 0.01 | ||||
| Incorrect | 120(67.4) | 77(61.1) | 43(82.7) | 10(90.9) | |
| Correct | 59(32.6) | 49(38.9) | 9(17.3) | 1(9.1) | |
| Whole fat milk is better source of vitamin D than low fat milk | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 116(65.2) | 73(57.9) | 43(82.7) | 8(72.7) | |
| Correct | 62(34.8) | 53(42.1) | 9(17.3) | 3(27.3) | |
| A lack of iron in the diet can result in fatigue | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 65(36.5) | 60(47.6) | 5(9.6) | 2(18.2) | |
| Correct | 113(63.5) | 66(52.4) | 47(90.4) | 9(81.8) | |
| A lack of iron in the diet can result in injury | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 81(46.3) | 67(54.5) | 14(26.9) | 1(9.1) | |
| Correct | 94(53.7) | 56(45.5) | 38(73.1) | 10(90.9) | |
| Hydration | |||||
| Dehydration (when you lose more fluid than you take in your body) can impair physical performance | 0.06 | ||||
| Incorrect | 38(21.3) | 32(25.4) | 6(11.5) | 1(9.1) | |
| Correct | 140(78.7) | 94(74.6) | 46(88.5) | 10(90.9) | |
| During activity, feeling thirsty is an adequate indicator of the need for liquid (water, sport drink...) | 0.01 | ||||
| Incorrect | 159(89.3) | 107(84.9) | 52(100.0) | 11(100.0) | |
| Correct | 19(10.7) | 19(15.1) | 0(0.0) | ||
| During exercise, mass ingestion of large amounts of any fluid (water, sport drink...) is preferred over frequent ingestion of small amounts | 0.61 | ||||
| Incorrect | 96(53.9) | 70(55.6) | 26(50.0) | 8(72.7) | |
| Correct | 82(46.1) | 56(44.4) | 26(50.0) | 3(27.3) | |
| An athlete should drink no water during practice, but rather rinse out his or her mouth | 1.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 41(23.0) | 29(23.0) | 12(23.1) | 4(36.4) | |
| Correct | 137(77.0) | 97(77.0) | 40(76.9) | 7(63.6) | |
| An athlete should drink no water during practice, but rather suck on ice cubes | 0.14 | ||||
| Incorrect | 46(25.8) | 37(29.4) | 9(17.3) | 3(27.3) | |
| Correct | 132(74.2) | 89(70.6) | 43(82.7) | 8(72.7) | |
| Sports drinks are the best way to replace body fluids lost during exercise | |||||
| Incorrect | 127(71.3) | 90(71.4) | 37(71.2) | 6(54.5) | |
| Correct | 51(28.7) | 36(28.6) | 15(28.8) | 5(45.5) | |
| Caffeine can increase the risk of dehydration | 0.96 | ||||
| Incorrect | 57(32.0) | 41(32.5) | 16(30.8) | 4(36.4) | |
| Correct | 121(68.0) | 85(67.5) | 36(69.2) | 7(63.6) | |
| An athlete involved in endurance events (eg, long distance running) should follow a considerably different diet than one participating in events of short duration (eg, sprinting) | 0.10 | ||||
| Incorrect | 138(77.5) | 93(73.8) | 45(86.5) | 6(54.5) | |
| Correct | 40(22.5) | 33(26.2) | 7(13.5) | 5(45.5) | |
| A physically fit person eating a nutritionally adequate diet can improve his or her performance by consuming greater amounts of nutrients | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 133(74.7) | 85(67.5) | 48(92.3) | 10(90.9) | |
| Correct | 45(25.3) | 41(32.5) | 4(7.7) | 1(9.1) | |
| A sound nutritional practice for athletes is to eat a wide variety of different food types everyday | 0.24 | ||||
| Incorrect | 72(40.4) | 55(43.7) | 17(32.7) | 1(9.1) | |
| Correct | 106(59.6) | 71(56.3) | 35(67.3) | 10(90.9) | |
| Nutrition is more important during the competitive season than during the off-season for the athlete | 0.91 | ||||
| Incorrect | 85(47.8) | 61(48.4) | 24(46.2) | 2(18.2) | |
| Correct | 93(52.2) | 65(51.6) | 28(53.8) | 9(81.8) | |
| What the athlete eats is only important if the athlete is trying to gain weight | 0.03 | ||||
| Incorrect | 45(25.3) | 38(30.2) | 7(13.5) | 2(18.2) | |
| Correct | 133(74.7) | 88(69.8) | 45(86.5) | 9(81.8) | |
| What the athlete eats is only important if the athlete is trying to lose weight | 0.68 | ||||
| Incorrect | 43(24.2) | 32(25.4) | 11(21.2) | 2(18.2) | |
| Correct | 135(75.8) | 94(74.6) | 41(78.8) | 9(81.8) | |
| Skipping meals is justifiable if you need to lose weight quickly | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 77(43.3) | 64(50.8) | 13(25.0) | 2(18.2) | |
| Correct | 101(56.7) | 62(49.2) | 39(75.0) | 9(81.8) | |
| When trying to lose weight, acidic foods such as grapefruit are of special value because they burn fat | 1.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 80(44.9) | 57(45.2) | 23(44.2) | 7(63.6) | |
| Correct | 98(55.1) | 69(54.8) | 29(55.8) | 4(36.4) | |
| If trying to lose weight, carbohydrates should come from fruits and vegetables rather than from breads and pastas | 0.61 | ||||
| Incorrect | 65(36.5) | 48(38.1) | 17(32.7) | 5(45.5) | |
| Correct | 113(63.5) | 78(61.9) | 35(67.3) | 6(54.5) | |
| Alcohol has more calories per gram than protein | 0.24 | ||||
| Incorrect | 57(32.0) | 37(29.4) | 20(38.5) | 4(36.4) | |
| Correct | 121(68.0) | 89(70.6) | 32(61.5) | 7(63.6) | |
| A 90kg (200-pound) person uses about twice as many calories to run a 1.6km (1mile) as a 45kg (100-pound) person | 1.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 122(68.5) | 86(68.3) | 36(69.2) | 7(63.6) | |
| Correct | 56(31.5) | 40(31.7) | 16(30.8) | 4(36.4) | |
| A person with a higher percentage of body fat may weigh less than a person of the same size with a greater muscle mass | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 88(49.4) | 72(57.1) | 16(30.8) | 2(18.2) | |
| Correct | 90(50.6) | 54(42.9) | 36(69.2) | 9(81.8) | |
| A high fat meal, which is slowly digested, should be avoided before athletic events | 0.19 | ||||
| Incorrect | 59(33.1) | 46(36.5) | 13(25.0) | 1(9.1) | |
| Correct | 119(66.9) | 80(63.5) | 39(75.0) | 10(90.9) | |
| The pre-event meal should be eaten about 3-4 hours before competition | 0.00 | ||||
| Incorrect | 52(29.2) | 46(36.5) | 6(11.5) | 5(45.5) | |
| Correct | 126(70.8) | 80(63.5) | 46(88.5) | 6(54.5) | |
| Foods such as potatoes are best eaten after exercise | 0.03 | ||||
| Incorrect | 125(70.2) | 82(65.1) | 43(82.7) | 7(63.6) | |
| Correct | 53(29.8) | 44(34.9) | 9(17.3) | 4(36.4) | |
| Foods such as honey are best eaten after exercise | 0.04 | ||||
| Incorrect | 115(64.6) | 75(59.5) | 40(76.9) | 9(81.8) | |
| Correct | 63(35.4) | 51(40.5) | 12(23.1) | 2(18.2) | |
| NK Scored | 22.08±5.32 | 21.89±4.94 | 22.55±6.16 | 0.18 | 24.18±5.25 |
| % NK questions answered correctlye | 50.18±12.08 | 49.74±11.22 | 51.25 ±14.00 | 0.18 | 54.96±11.93 |
| NK Statusf | 0.03 | ||||
| Adequate | 35(20.1) | 19(15.4) | 16(31.4) | 5(45.5) | |
| Inadequate | 139(79.9) | 104(84.6) | 35(68.6) | 6(54.5) | |
aD1B: Division 1 Basketball
b refers to differences between the two sex groups : p-value <0.05=statistical significance
c Macronutrients (Except for water)
d Equal to sum of correct answers
e Equal to (NK score /44) *100
f Adequate defined by ≥60% of NK questions answered correctly