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. 2021 May 17;19:144. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00886-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Determination of carbon particle background during placental perfusion with plain perfusion medium. Placental perfusion is performed for 6 h with empty PM, and the carbon particle content is determined using femtosecond pulsed laser illumination in PM before perfusion (a) as well as in the maternal and fetal perfusates over time (b). Data represent the mean (SD) of three technical replicates (a) and two independently perfused placentae (b). p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant (* denotes differences in carbon particle concentration determined in fetal perfusates over time compared to the initial amount) as analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison correction. ANOVA analysis of variance, PM perfusion medium, SD standard deviation