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. 2021 May 17;19:144. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00886-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Human placental perfusion with 0.45 µg/mL DEPs for 6 h. The carbon particle content is determined with femtosecond pulsed laser illumination in maternal and fetal perfusates over time (a). Next, FM ratios are calculated for each time point and compared to FM ratios of the reference compound creatinine (b). Additionally, the carbon particle content is measured in tissue samples of each placenta collected before and after perfusion (c). Data represent the mean (SD) of four independently perfused placentae with medium containing 0.45 µg/mL DEP. p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant (* denotes differences in carbon particle concentration determined in maternal perfusates over time compared to initial amount; ^$ denotes differences in FM ratio between DEP and creatinine, ^# denotes differences in placental carbon particle load before and after DEP perfusion) as analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison correction and paired t-test. ANOVA analysis of variance, DEP diesel exhaust particle, FM fetal–maternal, SD standard deviation