Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants with and without NAFLD
| Past | Current | NAFLD+ Past versus current |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAFLD– (n = 3487) |
NAFLD+ (n = 792) |
p value | NAFLD– (n = 6506) |
NAFLD+ (n = 2412) |
p value | p value | |
| Men | |||||||
| Age (years) | 47.0 (16.0) | 46.0 (15.0) | 0.005 | 48.0 (17.0) | 49.0 (14.0) | 0.007 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.4 (3.3) | 25.0 (3.4) | < 0.001 | 22.3 (3.4) | 25.3 (4.1) | < 0.001 | 0.140 |
| Obesity | 13.6 (474) | 50.0 (396) | < 0.001 | 13.3 (863) | 50.8 (1224) | < 0.001 | 0.716 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.5 (22.0) | 125.5 (21.5) | < 0.001 | 119.0 (19.5) | 124.5 (17.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.0 (14.5) | 79.0 (15.0) | < 0.001 | 73.5 (15.5) | 78.0 (14.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.2 (41) | 0.9 (7) | 0.468 | 0.8 (54) | 1.2 (28) | 0.155 | 0.502 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1 (0.7) | 5.4 (0.9) | < 0.001 | 5.5 (0.6) | 5.8 (0.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hyperglycemia | 18.7 (647) | 34.5 (272) | < 0.001 | 36.6 (2382) | 57.1 (1377) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.9 (1.2) | < 0.001 | 0.8 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 28.2 (982) | 56.8 (450) | < 0.001 | 8.0 (521) | 23.6 (570) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.3) | < 0.001 | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels | 30.3 (1048) | 57.9 (457) | < 0.001 | 4.4 (284) | 14.7 (354) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 20.0 (5.0) | 23.0 (7.0) | < 0.001 | 16.0 (7.0) | 19.0 (11.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 16.0 (10.0) | 27.0 (20.8) | < 0.001 | 17.0 (9.0) | 27.0 (21.0) | < 0.001 | 0.316 |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) | 27.0 (32.0) | 39.0 (39.0) | < 0.001 | 20.0 (17.0) | 26.0 (19.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never smoker | 21.0 (717) | 24.4 (188) | 0.042 | 36.0 (2310) | 40.3 (959) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 24.4 (835) | 30.2 (233) | 0.001 | 33.7 (2159) | 32.9 (782) | 0.491 | 0.163 |
| Current smoker | 54.6 (1866) | 45.5 (351) | < 0.001 | 30.4 (1.947) | 26.8 (638) | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Habit of exercise | 18.6 (649) | 15.4 (122) | 0.031 | 22.7 (1462) | 13.9 (330) | < 0.001 | 0.287 |
| Alcohol consumption, g/week | 110.0 (208.0) | 36.0 (110.0) | < 0.001 | 54.0 (179.0) | 1.0 (54.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| NAFLD Fibrosis Score | − 2.3 (1.1) | − 2.6 (1.1) | < 0.001 | − 2.6 (1.1) | − 2.6 (1.1) | 0.052 | < 0.001 |
| Fib4 index | 1.1 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 0.035 |
| Past | Current | NAFLD+ Past versus current |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NAFLD– (n = 2303) |
NAFLD+ (n = 199) |
p value | NAFLD− (n = 6630) |
NAFLD+ (n = 691) |
p value | p value | |
| Women | |||||||
| Age (years) | 45.0 (15.0) | 52.0 (12.0) | < 0.001 | 46.0 (14.0) | 53.0 (12.0) | < 0.001 | 0.696 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.0 (3.5) | 25.0 (4.4) | < 0.001 | 20.4 (3.4) | 25.1 (5.0) | < 0.001 | 0.610 |
| Obesity | 8.5 (195) | 48.7 (97) | < 0.001 | 6.6 (434) | 48.3 (334) | < 0.001 | 0.919 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 110.5 (21.5) | 126.5 (26.3) | < 0.001 | 109.0 (19.5) | 124.0 (20.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69.0 (13.0) | 79.0 (15.8) | < 0.001 | 65.5 (14.0) | 74.0 (15.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 0.9 (20) | 1.5 (20) | < 0.001 | 0.4 (27) | 1.0 (7) | 0.049 | 0.573 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 (0.7) | 5.3 (0.9) | < 0.001 | 5.2 (0.5) | 5.6 (0.7) | < 0.001 | 0.495 |
| Hyperglycemia | 7.7 (177) | 30.3 (60) | < 0.001 | 13.2 (874) | 44.7 (309) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.8) | < 0.001 | 0.5 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | 7.6 (175) | 29.8 (59) | < 0.001 | 1.3 (86) | 12.0 (83) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (0.6) | 1.5 (0.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels | 35.0 (799) | 64.1 (127) | < 0.001 | 3.8 (251) | 26.8 (185) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) | 18.0 (4.0) | 20.0 (5.0) | < 0.001 | 14.0 (6.0) | 17.0 (9.0) | < 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 11.0 (5.0) | 19.0 (14.0) | < 0.001 | 12.0 (6.0) | 19.0 (13.0) | < 0.001 | 0.367 |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) | 11.0 (8.0) | 19.0 (20.5) | < 0.001 | 13.0 (6.0) | 17.0 (11.0) | < 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never smoker | 84.5 (1899) | 90.9 (180) | 0.010 | 85.9 (5663) | 85.0 (585) | 0.533 | 0.027 |
| Ex-smoker | 5.1 (115) | 0.5 (1) | < 0.001 | 8.8 (580) | 9.2 (53) | 0.754 | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 10.4 (234) | 8.6 (17) | 0.407 | 5.3 (349) | 5.8 (40) | 0.569 | 0.175 |
| Habit of exercise | 18.8 (432) | 13.6 (27) | 0.060 | 16.2 (1061) | 14.8 (100) | 0.345 | 0.664 |
| Alcohol consumption, g/week | 0.0 (36.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.002 | 1.0 (12.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 | 0.836 |
| NAFLD fibrosis score | − 2.2 (1.0) | − 2.2 (1.1) | 0.865 | − 2.7 (1.0) | − 2.6 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 0.239 |
| Fib4 index | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.009 | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.070 | 0.008 |
Data are expressed as median (IQR) or % (number) of subjects
p values by one-way analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables
BMI body mass index, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease