Table 3.
Logistic regression estimates for cognitive impairment by background characteristics among older adults in India
| Variables | Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Self-perceived income sufficiency | ||||
| Has income and fully sufficient | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Has income and partially sufficient | 1.92*(1.69,2.19) | 1.39*(1.21,1.59) | ||
| Has income and not sufficient | 2.37*(1.92,2.92) | 1.34*(1.07,1.68) | ||
| No income | 1.50*(1.30,1.72) | 1.25*(1.07,1.45) | ||
| Working status (last one year) | ||||
| Never worked | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Currently working | 0.84*(0.74,0.97) | 0.88 (0.76,1.02) | ||
| Retired | 0.64*(0.53,0.77) | 0.77*(0.63,0.94) | ||
| Educational status | ||||
| No education | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Below 5 years | 0.74*(0.65,0.83) | 0.69*(0.6,0.79) | ||
| 6 to 10 years | 0.40*(0.36,0.45) | 0.45*(0.39,0.52) | ||
| 11+ years | 0.27*(0.22,0.32) | 0.28*(0.22,0.35) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Not in union | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Currently in union | 0.80*(0.72,0.89) | 0.84*(0.75,0.95) | ||
| Asset ownership | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 0.71*(0.63,0.81) | 0.83*(0.72,0.95) | ||
| Age group (in years) | ||||
| 60–69 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 70–79 | 1.65*(1.48,1.84) | 1.48*(1.32,1.66) | ||
| 80+ | 2.38*(2,20.83) | 1.92*(1.59,2.32) | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Women | 0.91 (0.81,1.03) | 1.04 (0.92,1.18) | ||
| Co-residing with children | ||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 0.96 (0.87,1.07) | 0.95 (0.85,1.07) | ||
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Good | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Poor | 1.75*(1.60,1.92) | 1.28*(1.15,1.42) | ||
| IADL | ||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Low | 1.72*(1.58,1.88) | 1.26*(1.13,1.40) | ||
| ADL | ||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Low | 2.19*(1.76,2.72) | 1.91*(1.51,2.42) | ||
| Subjective well-being | ||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Low | 1.57*(1.40,1.77) | 1.13*(1.04,1.29) | ||
| Psychological health | ||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Low | 1.56*(1.37,1.77) | 1.58*(1.37,1.82) | ||
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Poorer | 0.88 (0.76,1.02) | 1.08 (0.92,1.27) | ||
| Middle | 0.64*(0.55,0.75) | 0.93 (0.78,1.11) | ||
| Richer | 0.43*(0.37,0.51) | 0.71*(0.59,0.86) | ||
| Richest | 0.32*(0.27,0.38) | 0.69*(0.56,0.85) | ||
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Muslims | 1.21 (0.99,1.47) | 0.90 (0.73,1.11) | ||
| Sikh | 1.04 (0.84,1.30) | 0.93 (0.73,1.17) | ||
| Others | 1.27*(1.01,1.59) | 1.30*(1.02,1.65) | ||
| Caste | ||||
| Scheduled Caste | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Scheduled Tribe | 0.85 (0.68,1.08) | 1.01 (0.79,1.29) | ||
| Other Backward Class | 0.89 (0.77,1.02) | 0.98 (0.84,1.14) | ||
| Others | 0.82*(0.72,0.93) | 0.96 (0.84,1.11) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Urban | 0.80*(0.72,0.88) | 0.90 (0.81,1.01) | ||
| State | ||||
| Himachal Pradesh | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Punjab | 1.33*(1.09,1.63) | 1.16 (0.93,1.44) | ||
| West Bengal | 4.14*(3.42,5.02) | 4.40*(3.55,5.45) | ||
| Orissa | 1.64*(1.39,1.95) | 1.65*(1.37,1.99) | ||
| Maharashtra | 1.04 (0.88,1.23) | 1.15 (0.96,1.38) | ||
| Kerala | 2.09*(1.75,2.5) | 2.35*(1.93,2.87) | ||
| Tamil Nadu | 0.57*(0.48,0.69) | 0.59*(0.48,0.72) | ||
| Pseudo R-Square | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.17 |
| Negelkerke R-Square | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.28 |
OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval; *if p < 0.05; IADL Instrumental activities of daily living, ADL Activities of daily living; Ref: Reference