Table 2.
Factors Associated with urinary outcome trajectories assessed by the expanded prostate cancer index composite (EPIC)-50 among men in the prostatectomy, incontinence and erectile dysfunction (PIE) study
| All participants n (%) | BPH-related factors | ED-related factors | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prostate size | IPSS score | BPH medication use at baseline | BPH composite measure | ED medication use at baseline | ED medication or device use at follow-up | ||||||||
| < 40 g | ≥ 40 g | < 8 | ≥ 8 | No | Yes | No BPH | Any BPH | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| Urinary function (continence) 5 weeks post-surgery (n = 377) | |||||||||||||
| Impaired | |||||||||||||
| N | 346 (91.8) | ||||||||||||
| OR 95% CI | |||||||||||||
| Maintained | |||||||||||||
| N | 28 (7.4) | ||||||||||||
| OR 95% CI | |||||||||||||
| Improved | |||||||||||||
| N | 3 (0.8) | ||||||||||||
| OR 95% CI | |||||||||||||
| Urinary function (continence) 12 months post-surgery (n = 347) | |||||||||||||
| Impaired | |||||||||||||
| N | 145 (41.8) | 57 | 51 | 53 | 46 | 129 | 16 | 63 | 82 | 137 | 8 | 46 | 94 |
| OR 95% CI | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Maintained | |||||||||||||
| N | 168 (48.4) | 52 | 71 | 58 | 51 | 148 | 20 | 64 | 104 | 163 | 5 | 59 | 102 |
| OR 95% CI | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.6) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.2) | 1.2 (0.8 to 2.0) | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.6) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) | |||||||
| Improved | |||||||||||||
| N | 34 (9.8) | 11 | 17 | 6 | 11 | 28 | 6 | 11 | 23 | 31 | 3 | 13 | 18 |
| OR 95% CI | 1.7 (0.6 to 4.0) | 2.1 (0.7 to 6.2) | 1.7 (0.6 to 4.8) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.5) | 1.7 (0.4 to 6.6) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5) | |||||||
| Incontinence-related bother 5 weeks post-surgery (n = 379) | |||||||||||||
| Impaired | |||||||||||||
| N | 266 (70.3) | ||||||||||||
| OR 95% CI | |||||||||||||
| Maintained | |||||||||||||
| N | 110 (29.0) | ||||||||||||
| OR 95% CI | |||||||||||||
| Improved | |||||||||||||
| N | 3 (0.8) | ||||||||||||
| OR 95% CI | |||||||||||||
| Incontinence-related bother 12 months post-surgery (n = 348) | |||||||||||||
| Impaired | |||||||||||||
| N | 53 (15.2) | 16 | 22 | 25 | 14 | 47 | 6 | 23 | 30 | 50 | 3 | 18 | 33 |
| OR 95% CI | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Maintained | |||||||||||||
| N | 282 (81.0) | 103 | 109 | 91 | 87 | 251 | 31 | 113 | 169 | 269 | 13 | 97 | 174 |
| OR 95% CI | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.5) | 1 (0.4 to 2.4) | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.9) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.8) | |||||||
| Improved | |||||||||||||
| N | 13 (3.7) | 5 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 10 | 13 | 0 | 6 | 6 |
| OR 95% CI | 1.0 (0.3 to 3.8) | 5.4 (1.0 to 30.2) | 3.5 (0.8 to 15) | 2.6 (0.6 to 10.4) | NE | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.9) | |||||||
| Voiding dysfunction-related bother 5 weeks post-surgery (n = 380) | |||||||||||||
| Impaired | |||||||||||||
| N | 238 (62.6) | 93 | 89 | 91 | 54 | 212 | 26 | 109 | 129 | 226 | 12 | 126 | 99 |
| OR 95% CI | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Maintained | |||||||||||||
| N | 58 (15.3) | 21 | 18 | 23 | 15 | 54 | 4 | 27 | 31 | 55 | 3 | 22 | 33 |
| OR 95% CI | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.8) | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.8) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.7) | 1.0 (0.3 to 3.8) | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.5) | |||||||
| Improved | |||||||||||||
| N | 84 (22.1) | 20 | 41 | 14 | 46 | 63 | 21 | 15 | 69 | 80 | 4 | 38 | 40 |
| OR 95% CI | 2.1 (1.2 to 3.9) | 5.5 (2.8 to 11.0) | 2.7 (1.4 to 5.2) | 3.9 (2.1 to 7.2) | 0.9 (0.3 to 3.0) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2) | |||||||
| Voiding dysfunction-related bother 12 months post-surgery (n = 348) | |||||||||||||
| Impaired | |||||||||||||
| N | 91 (26.1) | 38 | 32 | 36 | 20 | 84 | 7 | 49 | 42 | 87 | 4 | 32 | 57 |
| OR 95% CI | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||||
| Maintained | |||||||||||||
| N | 80 (23.0) | 37 | 26 | 35 | 13 | 75 | 5 | 44 | 36 | 76 | 4 | 22 | 53 |
| OR 95% CI | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5) | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.6) | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.7) | 1.1 (0.3 to 4.7) | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) | |||||||
| Improved | |||||||||||||
| N | 177 (50.9) | 49 | 80 | 47 | 74 | 148 | 29 | 46 | 131 | 169 | 8 | 67 | 103 |
| OR 95% CI | 1.9 (1.1 to 3.5) | 2.8 (1.5 to 5.5) | 2.4 (1.0 to 5.6) | 3.3 (2.0 to 5.7) | 1.0 (0.3 to 3.5) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | |||||||
BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia, CI confidence interval, ED erectile dysfunction, IPSS International Prostate Symptom Score, OR odds ratio, NE not estimable
EPIC-50 measured urinary and sexual outcome trajectories were defined as impaired (negative change greater than the upper bound of minimally important difference), maintained, and improved (positive change greater than the upper bound of minimally important difference). Urinary function, incontinence-related bother: impaired (change < 9); maintained (− 9 ≤ change ≤ 9); improved (change ≥ 9). Voiding dysfunction-related bother: impaired (change < 7); maintained (− 7 ≤ change ≤ 7); improved (change ≥ 7)