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. 2021 May 18;413(16):4137–4159. doi: 10.1007/s00216-021-03377-6

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© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 6 — Paper-based biosensors for potential nucleic acid detection for COVID-19. a A paper-based biosensor or lateral flow test strip for visualization of COVID-19 reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) products. Adapted with permission from [148]. b An integrated paper-based sample-to-answer biosensor for the detection of pathogens. Adapted with permission from [149]. c A disposable and integrated paper-based biosensor for nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and detection. Adapted with permission from (197)