Table 3.
Group statistical analysis of cognitive outcomes following four week integrative training on the BrightBrainer system. © Bright Cloud International Corp. Reprinted by permission
| Variable | T1 Mean (SD) | T2 Mean (SD) | Mean
Difference T2-T1 (95% CI) |
Signed Rank p value |
MCID and Percentage of subjects beyond it |
Effect Size** (CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beck Depression Inventory-II (depression) (Lower score is better) | 9.57 (5.41) | 6.14 (3.53) | −3.43 (−7.20, 0.34) | 0.0313 | 5 points 14% | 0.75 (−0.33, 1.83) |
| Brief Visuospatial Memory Test Revised - Trials 1-3 (memory) | 5.57 (0.79) | 5.43 (1.13) | −0.15 (−1.60, 1.31) | 1.000 | N/A | −0.14 (−1.19, 0.91) |
| Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (executive function) [Primary Outcome] | 8.86 (5.43) | 12.14 (8.59) | 3.29 (0.095, 6.477) | 0.031 | N/A | 0.46 (−0.60, 1.52) |
| Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (attention) | 17.14 (4.06) | 20.20 (5.77) | 2.86 (−1.72, 7.43) | 0.188 | N/A | 0.61 (−0.46, 1.69) |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Form 1 & 2, Total # of hits, (memory) | 11.00 (1.83) | 10.43 (1.62) | −0.57 (−1.97, 0.83) | 0.500 | N/A | −0.33 (−1.38, 0.72) |
| Boston Naming Test | 13.17 (2.64) | 13.33 (2.25) | 0.16 (−0.87, 1.20) | 1.000 | 0% | 0.07 (−0.98, 1.11) |
| Trail Making Test Version A, (attention/processing) (Lower score is better) | 41.14 (14.99) | 41.14 (19.99) | 0.00 (−9.63, 9.63) | 1.000 | 0% | N/A |
| Trail Making Test Version B, (set shifting) (Lower score is better) | 151.57 (105.48) | 118.57 (71.87) | −33.00* (−85.55, 19.55) | 0.219 | 29% | 0.37 (−0.69, 1.42) |
| Verbal Fluency Test | 29.57 (19.82) | 32.00 (20.17) | 2.43 (−2.99, 7.84) | 0.438 | N/A | 0.12 (−0.93, 1.17) |
Note: Bolded values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05).
*
Indicates improvement over time greater than the minimal clinically important difference.
**
Effect size interpretation: Negligible, < 0.2, Small, 0.2 to 0.49; Moderate, 0.50 to 0.70; Large, > 0.7 (Bold changes are in the improvement direction. Higher scores are better function for all variables except Beck Depression Inventory and Trail Making Test. Among 9 total variables, 6 variables (66.7%) improved. CI: 95% Confidence Interval; T1: Pre-test scores; T2: Post-test scores; SD: Standard Deviatio