Summary of findings 1. Effect of high‐dose alcohol compared to placebo .
| Effect of high‐dose alcohol compared to placebo | ||||
| Patient or population: adult participants Setting: ambulatory Intervention: high‐dose alcohol (> 30 g) Comparison: placebo | ||||
| Outcomes | Participants (RCTs) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Mean difference of high‐dose alcohol compared to placebo* (95% CI) | |
| Systolic blood pressure ‐ ≤ 6 hours | 418 (16) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea | ‐3.5 mmHg [‐6 to ‐0.5] | |
| Systolic blood pressure ‐ 7 to 12 hours | 54 (3) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea | ‐3.7 mmHg [‐6.9 to ‐0.5] | |
| Systolic blood pressure ‐ ≥ 13 hours | 154 (4) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea | 3.7 mmHg [2.3 to 5] | |
| Diastolic blood pressure ‐ ≤ 6 hours | 350 (14) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b | ‐1.9 mmHg [‐3.9 to 0.04] | |
| Diastolic blood pressure ‐ 7 to 12 hours | 54 (5) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b | ‐1.6 mmHg [‐4.1 to 0.9] | |
| Diastolic blood pressure ‐ ≥ 13 hours | 154 (4) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea | 2.4 mmHg [0.3 to 4.5] | |
| Heart rate ‐ ≤ 6 hours | 495 (17) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea | 5.5 bpm [4.3 to 6.7] | |
| Heart rate ‐ 7 to 12 hours | 144 (7) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea | 6.2 bpm [3 to 9.3] | |
| Heart rate ‐ ≥ 13 hours | 244 (8) | ⊕⊕⊕⊝ Moderatea | 2.7 bpm [0.8 to 4.6] | |
| * The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; RCT: randomised controlled trial. | ||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence. High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. | ||||
aUnclear risk of selection bias and attrition bias in more than one study.
b95% confidence interval around the best effect estimate includes both negligible effect and appreciable benefit.