| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Abrams 1979 | This study used the wrong study design. Heart rate measurements in this study were divided into 14 phases, and all 14 phases were affected by social anxiety (stress) |
| Abu‐AmshaCaccetta 2001 | This study used the wrong study design. Because the intervention was consumed continuously for 2 weeks and measurements were made only after 2 weeks, this study did not meet our inclusion criteria "Volunteers were randomly allocated to drink either: (i) 375 ml of red wine (Shiraz‐Grenache Blend, 13.3% alc/vol, 1200 mg/l polyphenols); or (ii) 375 ml of white wine (Deakin Estate, Chardonnay, 13.7% alc/vol, 345 mg/l polyphenols) 'polyphenol control'; or (iii) 500 ml of the same red wine but dealcoholized (< 2% alc/vol, 905 mg/l polyphenols) 'alcohol control,' each evening for 2 weeks, with a 1 week washout at the start of the study and between each beverage" |
| Adamsson 2011 | This study used the wrong intervention. Nordic diet containing 27%, 52%, 19%, and 2% of energy from fat, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol, respectively, was used as an intervention in this study. Because only 2% alcohol was contributed in this diet, alcohol was not the major intervention in this study |
| Aguilar 2004 | This study used the wrong study design because alcohol consumption was self‐reported "Patients were classified as non‐drinkers, light to moderate drinkers or heavy drinkers based on alcohol consumption reported at baseline" |
| Aigner 2016 | This was a case control study, so this study used the wrong study design "We performed a case‐control study based on a sample of 3308 stroke patients aged 18 to 55 years" |
| Ajani 2000 | This study used the wrong study design because alcohol consumption was self‐reported "We used four categories of alcohol intake at baseline ‐ rarely/never, monthly, weekly, and daily" |
| Almeida 2014 | This study used the wrong study design because alcohol consumption was self‐reported "We then asked men whether they had drunk alcohol during the last year (yes/no). Those who answered yes were required to indicate how many standard drinks of alcohol they consumed each usual day (from Monday to Sunday)" |
| Andres‐Lacueva 2013 | This study used the wrong intervention because it examined the effect of red wine polyphenols rather than the effect of alcohol |
| Anil 2016 | Alcohol was not given as an intervention in this study, and this study focused on the dietary pattern; hence this study used the wrong intervention and the wrong study design |
| Apostolidou 2015 | This was not a randomised controlled trial and red wine tannat rather than alcohol was given as an intervention; hence this study used the wrong study design and the wrong intervention |
| Appel 2003 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was not used as an intervention |
| Argani 2016 | Red grape seed extract (RGSE) was used as the intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Ariansen 2009 | Losartan‐ or atenolol‐based antihypertensive therapy was used as the intervention rather than alcohol in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Ariansen 2012 | Losartan‐ or atenolol‐based antihypertensive therapy was used as the intervention rather than alcohol in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Assaad 2006 | This study used the wrong study design because it was not a placebo‐controlled study "Participants were explicitly told what they drank, and no placebo control group was used" |
| AuYeung 2013 | This study used the wrong study design because it was a cohort study and alcohol consumption was self‐reported |
| Avellone 2006a | This study examined the effects of 2 different red wines. It was not placebo‐controlled; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Avellone 2006b | This study compared the effects of 2 different red wines rather than using a placebo control group; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Bae 2015 | Alcohol was not used as an intervention in this study. Bisphenol A (BPA) from canned beverages was examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Bailey 1989 | This study used the wrong intervention and the wrong outcome. Alcohol was not the only intervention given in this study. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded but only when felodipine was given |
| Bailey 2003 | Alcohol was not used as an intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Banini 2006 | The intervention provided in this study consisted of muscadine grape products rather than ethanol; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Barden 2007 | This study used the wrong study design because it examined the reduction effect of alcohol "[Participants] were randomized to either continue their usual alcohol intake or reduce their alcohol intake..." |
| Barden 2017 | Blood pressure was measured at baseline and after each intervention period (4 weeks), which was not considered an acute effect of alcohol; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Baros 2008 | This study used the wrong study design. Alcohol was not given as an intervention in this study. Alcohol consumption was self‐reported by participants during a specific period of time |
| Barskova 2005 | Metformin rather than alcohol was used as an intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Beevers 1987 | Alcohol consumption was self‐reported in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Beilin 1992 | This study was a review; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Beilin 1994 | Alcohol was not used as an intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Beilin 1996 | This study was a review; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Bengtsson 1973 | This was an epidemiological study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Berg 2005 | This was an epidemiological study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Berglund 1989 | Alcohol was not used as an intervention in this study. Decreasing the consumption of alcohol and changing diet (increasing ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat, and increasing potassium intake) were used as interventions in this study; hence this study used the wrong interventions |
| Bermudez 2015 | This study used the wrong study design. Alcohol consumption was measured by asking participants to estimate the number of alcoholic drinks they consumed within a month; hence this study was based on self‐report |
| Beulens 2005 | Intervention duration of this study was 3 weeks, and neither blood pressure nor heart rate was recorded; hence this study used the wrong study design and the wrong outcomes |
| Beyeler 1987 | This study used the wrong intervention. Alcohol was not given as the only intervention. It was given with disulfiram treatment |
| Bjorntorp 1999 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was not provided as an intervention |
| Blankenhorn 1990 | Alcohol was not the main intervention in this study, and data collected were self‐reported; hence this study used the wrong intervention and the wrong study design |
| Bleich 2001 | The intervention duration was 6 weeks for each intervention, which was not considered an acute effect; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Bold 2017 | Alcohol consumption and data collected were self‐reported; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Bond 1984 | This study used the wrong study design. Even though alcohol was the major intervention, measurements of heart rate and blood pressure were made only after exercise, and when the heart rate of 150 beats/min was reached "The subject then ingested the experimental liquid in five equal parts over a 10 minute period. After a 30 minute absorption period, fingertip blood samples were collected for determining blood alcohol levels. After completion of the absorption period, work bouts on the ergometer were initiated. Measures of heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen uptake and ventilation were recorded each minute after a heart rate of 150 beats/min was reached" |
| Botden 2011 | Red wine polyphenols rather than alcohol were given as the intervention; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Botden 2012 | Red wine polyphenols rather than alcohol were given as the intervention; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Brader 2011 | Nordic diet rather than alcohol was given as an intervention; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Bradford 1990 | Lovastatin was given as an intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Braggio 1992 | This was not a randomised controlled trial and it was questionnaire‐based; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Brainin 2016 | Lifestyle modification rather than alcohol was used as an intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Brasser 2004 | Alcohol was not given as the only intervention in this study. The main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of alcohol on acamprosate; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Brewer 2010 | Alcohol was not used as an intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Brien 1979 | Alcohol was given with calcium carbimide in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Brown 1981 | Alcohol was not given as the only intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Brown 2010 | This randomised controlled trial was double‐blinded and placebo‐controlled. Even though heart rate was recorded, heart rate could not be analysed due to technical failure and was not reported in this study |
| Brugger‐Andersen 2009 | Alcohol consumption was self‐reported, and this study was not a randomised controlled trial; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Brunelle 2007 | This study was neither a randomised controlled trial nor a placebo‐controlled trial; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Bryson 2008 | This was an analysis of cohort study data; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Bulpitt 1999 | This study examined the effects of alcohol reduction; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Burke 2001 | Moderation of lifestyle was used as an intervention rather than alcohol; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Burke 2005 | Alcohol was not the main intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Burke 2006 | Moderation of lifestyle was used as an intervention rather than alcohol; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Campbell 1999 | Lifestyle modification was the main intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Carter 2011 | This study used the wrong study design. Even though it had met all inclusion criteria, measurements were influenced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP), which resulted in displacement of blood away from the upper body to the abdomen and the lower extremities; hence results of this study could not be considered "Subjects were then placed in the supine position, with the bottom portion of their body in a LBNP chamber" "Subjects underwent a 5‐min resting baseline, followed by a progressive LBNP protocol of 3 min each at ‐5, ‐10, ‐15, ‐20, ‐30, and ‐40 mmHg (pretreatment)" |
| Chagas 2016 | This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Chang 2011 | This study was interview‐based; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Chaplin 2008 | Alcohol was not given as the intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention and the wrong study design |
| Chaudhuri 1994 | This study was not a randomised controlled trial; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Chiadak 2017 | Data collected in this study were questionnaire‐based; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Childs 2011 | Even though this study was a randomised controlled trial and was placebo‐controlled, neither blood pressure nor heart rate was reported after the intervention. Only baseline heart rate and blood pressure were measured |
| Chiva‐Blanch 2012a | The intervention duration of this study was 4 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Chiva‐Blanch 2012b | Blood pressure was measured at the end of the intervention duration of 4 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Chiva‐Blanch 2013a | Even though this study was a randomised controlled trial and a cross‐over study, it was not placebo‐controlled; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Chiva‐Blanch 2013b | Blood pressure was measured at the end of the intervention duration of 4 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect; hence this study used the wrong study design. In addition, neither blood pressure nor heart rate was recorded; hence this study used the wrong outcomes |
| Chiva‐Blanch 2015 | The intervention duration of this study was 4 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Colby 2004 | The main purpose of this study was irrelevant to the interests of our review. This study compared tobacco to alcohol; hence this study used the wrong main intervention |
| Conen 2008 | This was a prospective study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Cordain 2000 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 10 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Covault 2014 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was not given as the only intervention "...pretreatment with 4mg dutasteride or placebo was paired with a moderate dose of alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo beverage" |
| Cox 1990 | This study used the wrong study design because it examined the effects of alcohol reduction |
| Cox 1993 | This study used the wrong study design because it examined the effects of alcohol reduction |
| Croissant 2011 | This study was not placebo‐controlled; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Cushing 2009 | This study used the wrong intervention as participants received placebo of PM 101 as the intervention "...receiving placebo (5% dextrose in water, n=112) or PM101 (bolus push, n=112)" |
| Cushman 1994 | This study used the wrong study design because it examined the effects of alcohol reduction |
| Cushman 1998 | The intervention of this study was reduction of alcohol; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Cutler 1991 | Reduction of alcohol was performed in this study and alcohol was not the main intervention; hence this study used the wrong study design and the wrong intervention |
| deLorenzo 1985 | This study used the wrong intervention because ketanserin was used as the main intervention |
| deLorenzo 1988 | This study used the wrong intervention because serotonin antagonist was used as the main intervention |
| Demmler 2013 | This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| deRijke 1996 | This study used the wrong study design because it was not placebo‐controlled. Red wine was compared to white wine instead of to placebo |
| DiGarbo 2004 | This study used the wrong study design because it was not placebo‐controlled |
| Dimmitt 1998 | This study used the wrong study design because it examined the effects of alcohol reduction |
| Draijer 2015 | This study used the wrong intervention because grape extracts were used as the intervention instead of alcohol |
| Droste 2013a | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 20 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Droste 2013b | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 20 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Durocher 2011 | Study authors were contacted, but required data were not reported in the study |
| Eisenhofer 1987 | This study used the wrong outcomes because reported blood pressure was accompanied by information on the effects of cold pressor |
| Estevez 1995 | This study used the wrong comparator and was not placebo‐controlled. Alcohol was compared to ritanserin instead of to placebo; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Estruch 2011 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 28 days, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Farre 1993 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was given with cocaine as the intervention |
| Farre 2014 | This study used the wrong comparator and was not placebo‐controlled. Alcohol was compared to soy extract in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Farre 2016 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was given with mephedrone |
| Farre 2017 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was given with mephedrone |
| Fazio 2001 | This study used the wrong study design because it was questionnaire‐based "The study was performed in 10 young healthy male volunteers whose weekly ethanol consumption was estimated by questionnaire to be less than 100g" |
| Flanagan 2002 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 1 week, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Flechtner‐Mors 2004 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 3 months, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Foltin 1988 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was ingested with cocaine |
| Foppa 1999 | Full text of this study was not available, and contact information for study authors could not be found |
| Frisk‐Holmberg 1990 | This study used the wrong intervention because jian bu wan was given as the intervention instead of alcohol |
| Garcia‐Andrade 1997 | Even though this study met all the inclusion criteria, placebo data were not reported. Study author was contacted via email for additional information but this author refused to disclose unpublished data. Hence, we excluded this study |
| Gepner 2013 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 6 months, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Gepner 2015 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 2 years, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Gepner 2016 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 6 months, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Giovannelli 2011 | This study used the wrong intervention because it provided de‐alcoholised red wine with different concentrations of polyphenols as the intervention instead of alcohol |
| Golan 2016 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 2 years, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Golan 2017 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 2 years, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Golan 2018 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 2 years, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Gopane 2010 | This study used the wrong study design because it was a cross‐sectional study |
| Gourlay 2013 | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Greyling 2016 | This study used grape juice and wine polyphenols as the intervention instead of alcohol; hence this study used the wrong intervention. In addition, this study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 8 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Hansen 2005 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 4 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Hartmann 2017 | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Hijmering 2007 | This study was not placebo‐controlled; hence this study used the wrong study design "In 45 minutes, three units of red wine or an alcoholic beverage with a low polyphenolic count [was] consumed" |
| Howes 1985 | The effect of alcohol on blood pressure was measured on the fifth day after 4 days of intervention; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Howes 1986a | This study used the wrong study design as the intervention duration was 4 days |
| Howes 1986b | Even though this study met all the inclusion criteria, only data on the effect of alcohol with noradrenaline on blood pressure were reported, and no author contact information was provided. Hence, we excluded this study |
| Jacobs 2012 | This study used the wrong comparator because red wine was compared to grape juice extracts |
| Jain 2016 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 2 years, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Jones 1979 | This study used the wrong intervention because it examined the effect of alcohol combined with hyperbaric air |
| Kaul 2010 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 2 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Kawano 1998 | The effect of alcohol on blood pressure was measured after 4 days of intervention; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Kawano 2002 | The alcohol reduction effect was examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Kawano 2004 | This study included 3 phases: control phase, alcohol phase, and recovery phase. The placebo‐controlled group was not present throughout the study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Kechagias 2015 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 3 months, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Kelbaek 1987 | This study met all inclusion criteria. However, control group data were not reported, and no author contact information was provided. Thus, we excluded this study |
| Kelbaek 1988 | This was not a randomised controlled trial; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Kino 1981 | This was not a randomised controlled trial; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Koskinen 1991 | Alcohol consumption was self‐reported in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Lachtermann 1999 | This study met all the inclusion criteria. However, heart rate and blood pressure were not reported, and no author contact information was provided. Thus, we excluded this study |
| Latella 2009 | This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Lavy 1994 | This study used the wrong study design because it was not placebo‐controlled. Red wine was compared to white wine instead of to placebo |
| Lee 2002 | This was a review; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Lee 2016 | Data reported in this study were questionnaire‐based and were self‐reported; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Li 2006 | This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Li 2016 | This was an observational analysis; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Liang 2012 | This was an observational study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Malinski 2004 | Data reported in this study were self‐reported. This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Mammen 2018 | This study used the wrong study design. Alcohol was compared to placebo or to low‐dose polyphenol. The purpose of this study was irrelevant to the interest of this review |
| Marczinski 2018 | Alcohol was not given alone as the intervention. Energy drink was also given to participants. Thus, this study provided the wrong intervention |
| McCance‐Katz 1996 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was given with cocaine |
| McCance‐Katz 2005 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was given with cocaine |
| McCance‐Katz 2013 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was given with ritonavir or efavirenz |
| McCaul 1991 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was given with secobarbital |
| McDonagh 2018 | This study used the wrong intervention. Alcohol was not given as the only intervention in this study |
| McDougle 1995 | This study used the wrong intervention because yohimbine was provided as the main intervention instead of ethanol |
| Mezzano 2001 | This study used the wrong intervention and the wrong study design. Participants received either MD (Mediterranean‐type diet) or HFD (high‐fat diet) for 90 days, and both diets were supplemented with red wine on day 30 and on day 90. Thus, this study did not include a placebo control group, and the intervention duration was too long to be considered an acute effect |
| Mezzano 2003 | This study used the wrong intervention and the wrong study design. Participants received either MD (Mediterranean‐type diet) or HFD (high‐fat diet) for 90 days, and both diets were supplemented with red wine on day 30 and on day 90. Thus, this study did not include a placebo control group, and the intervention duration was too long to be considered an acute effect |
| Minami 2002 | This study used the wrong study design because the effect of alcohol reduction was examined |
| Mizushima 1990 | In this cross‐sectional study, alcohol consumption was self‐reported; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Molnar 2009 | This study used the wrong study design because it was not a randomised controlled trial |
| Moreira 1998 | Alcohol consumption was self‐reported in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Mori 2015 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 4 weeks |
| Mori 2016 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 4 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Movai 1989 | This was not a randomised placebo‐controlled study |
| Mukamal 2017 | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 6 months. Even though participants returned monthly for measurement, this was still not considered an acute effect |
| Naissides 2006a | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 6 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Naissides 2006b | This study used the wrong study design because the intervention duration was 6 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Newlin 1989 | This study was not a randomised controlled trial; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Newlin 1990 | This study used the wrong outcomes because only heart rate change before and after the intervention was measured |
| Niaura 1988 | This was not a randomised controlled trial; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Nicholas 2012 | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Nicholas 2013a | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Nicholas 2013b | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Noad 2016 | Alcohol was not the intervention used in this study. Polyphenol was used as the intervention. Thus, this study used the wrong intervention |
| O'Malley 2014 | This study used the wrong study design because there was no placebo‐controlled group. Only low, medium, and high doses of alcohol were given to participants |
| Oda 2017 | This study used the wrong study design because alcohol consumption was self‐reported |
| Okamura 2001 | This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Papamichael 2006 | The effect of alcohol accompanied by smoking rather than the effect of alcohol alone was examined; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Papamichael 2008 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was not given as the only intervention. It was accompanied by olive oil |
| Papaseit 2016 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was given with mephedrone rather than alone |
| Park 2004 | This study used the wrong intervention. Concord grape juice was given as the intervention instead of alcohol |
| Parker 1990 | This study used the wrong study design because the effect of alcohol reduction was examined |
| Paz 1996 | This study used the wrong study design because it was not a randomised controlled trial |
| Perkins 1995 | This study used the wrong intervention because the combined effect of alcohol and nicotine was examined instead of the effect of alcohol alone |
| Perneger 1999 | Alcohol consumption was self‐reported in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Petrone 2014 | Alcohol consumption was self‐reported in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Pisa 2010 | This study was a cross‐sectional epidemiological survey; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Pitsavos 2004 | This study was an epidemiological study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Potter 1984 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 4 days, and measurements were made after the intervention duration; thus this was not considered an acute effect |
| Puddey 1985a | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 6 weeks, and measurements were made after the intervention duration; thus this was not considered an acute effect |
| Puddey 1985b | Alcohol reduction was examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Puddey 1985c | Alcohol reduction was examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Puddey 1986 | Alcohol reduction was examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Puddey 1987 | This study used the wrong study design because changes in alcohol consumption were self‐reported and the intervention duration was 6 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Puddey 1992 | This study used the wrong study design because alcohol reduction was examined and the intervention duration was 18 weeks, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Rada 2018 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 4 weeks, and measurements were made after the intervention period, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Rajdl 2007 | This study used the wrong study design because it was not placebo‐controlled. This study examined only the effect of white wine but did not compare this to the placebo control |
| Rakic 1998 | Alcohol reduction effect was examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Retterstol 2005 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Roache 2011 | This study used the wrong intervention because it examined the combined effect of cocaine and alcohol instead of the effect of alcohol only |
| Roth 2013 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 1 month, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Roth 2017 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Roth 2018 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Sagawa 2011 | This was not a randomised controlled trial; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Saito 2003 | This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Sehested 1998 | This study was not placebo‐controlled; hence this study used the wrong study design. Participants were divided into 2 groups: Group A: alcohol mixed with 500 mL of juice; Group B: similar to Group A plus 750 mL of mineral water. Group B did receive alcohol even though it was mixed with mineral water; hence this was a placebo‐controlled group |
| Senault 2000 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 14 days, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Shai 2007 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 months, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Shai 2015 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 2 years, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Sierksma 2002 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Sierksma 2004a | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Sierksma 2004b | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Spaak 2008 | This study used the wrong study design because alcohol was given repeatedly to reach a certain blood pressure level. Thus, alcohol was not given at a particular dose; dose varied with the blood alcohol level of participants |
| Stiffler 1999 | This study reported only the mean difference in heart rate between day and night; thus required data were not reported |
| Stream 2010 | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Stream 2014 | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Stuart 2013 | This study used the wrong intervention because alcohol was not the main intervention used "...received 40h of standard batterer program or the standard batterer program and 90 min alcohol intervention" |
| Stubbs 1995 | This study used the wrong intervention because the combined effect of alcohol and caffeine (coffee) was examined instead of the effect of alcohol alone |
| Taborsky 2012 | This study was not placebo‐controlled (compared red wine to white red); hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Taborsky 2014 | This study was not placebo‐controlled (compared red wine to white red); hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Takashima 1998 | This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Tinklenberg 1976 | This study did not include a placebo for the alcohol |
| Tome‐Carneiro 2012 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 1 year, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect. In addition, this study used the wrong intervention because grape supplement was used as the main intervention instead of alcohol |
| Tome‐Carneiro 2013 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 1 year, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect. In addition, this study used the wrong intervention because resveratrol‐containing grape extract was used as the main intervention instead of alcohol |
| TOMHS 1991 | Alcohol was not used as the main intervention in this study; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Toth 2012 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Toth 2014 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 3 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Tresserra‐Rimbau 2013 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 5 years, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Tresserra‐Rimbau 2015 | This was a cross‐sectional study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Tuomilehto 1984 | Alcohol consumption was self‐reported in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Turczynski 2001 | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Ueshima 1987a | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Ueshima 1987b | Effects of alcohol reduction were examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Ueshima 1988 | Effects of alcohol reduction were examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Ueshima 1993 | Effects of alcohol reduction were examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Uhart 2010 | This study was not placebo‐controlled; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Urquiaga 2015 | This study used the wrong intervention because red wine grape pomace flour (WGPF) was given as the main intervention instead of alcohol |
| vanMierlo 2010 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 2 weeks, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect. In addition, this study used the wrong intervention because polyphenol‐rich solids were used as the main intervention instead of alcohol |
| Vatsalya 2011 | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information for study authors was not found |
| Vazquez‐Fresno 2012 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 28 days, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Vena 2018a | Alcohol was combined with oxytocin; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Vena 2018b | Alcohol was combined with oxytocin; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Wensing 2006 | This study used the wrong intervention because the combined effect of alcohol and vardenafil was examined instead of the effect of alcohol alone |
| Wilson 2014 | This study used the wrong study design as intervention duration was 6 months, which was not considered an acute effect of alcohol |
| Witkowska 2017 | This study used the wrong intervention because it examined the effect of red wine polyphenols rather than the effect of alcohol |
| Woerdeman 2018 | Red wine polyphenol was used as the intervention instead of alcohol; hence this study used the wrong intervention |
| Wray 2013 | Full text was not available for this study, and contact information of study authors was not found |
| Yang 2017 | Alcohol consumption was self‐reported in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| YftachGepner 2015 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 6 months, and measurements were made at the end of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
| Yin 2007 | This study was questionnaire‐based; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Yin 2015 | This study was questionnaire‐based; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Zamora‐Ros 2006 | This study was not placebo‐controlled. Only red wine, white wine, ethanol as sparkling wine, and gin were compared in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Zheng 2012 | This study was not placebo‐controlled (compared traditional Chinese liquor and tea flavour liquor); hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Ziauddeen 2013 | This study used the wrong intervention. Alcohol was combined with mu‐opioid receptor antagonist GSK1521498 |
| Zilkens 2003 | Alcohol reduction was examined in this study; hence this study used the wrong study design |
| Zilkens 2005 | This study used the wrong study design. The intervention duration was 4 weeks, and measurements were made on the last or second‐last day of the study, which was not considered an acute effect |
BPA: bisphenol A. HFD: high‐fat diet. LBNP: lower body negative pressure. MD: Mediterranean‐type diet. RGSE: red grape seed extract. WGPF: wine grape pomace flour.